Medical devices including medicaments and methods of making and using same

ABSTRACT

The present invention recognizes that medical devices, such as but not limited to contact lenses, can be made having a coating made at least in part using printing technologies to provide drug storage and drug release structures. The coating preferably includes at least one drug reservoir layer and a least one barrier layer, and can include structures, such as but not limited to capillary structures, which alone or in combination modulate the release of the drug from the coating. One aspect of the present invention is a medical device that incorporates a drug in at least one coating. A second aspect of the present invention is a method of making a medical device that incorporates a drug in at least one coating. A third aspect of the present invention is a method of using a medical device of the present invention to treat or prevent a disease, disorder or condition.

The present application is a Divisional Application of U.S. Ser. No. 13/065,904, filed Apr. 2, 2011, entitled “Contact Lenses Including Medicaments and Methods of Making and Using Same,” which claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 61/341,824, filed Apr. 3, 2010, entitled “Contact Lenses Including Medicaments and Methods of Making and Using Same,” each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention generally relates generally to the fields of medical devices, including but not limited to contact lenses, that include a medicament or drug in a coating layer and methods of making and using such medical devices. The coating layer is preferably made at least in part using printing, preferably but not limited to digital printing.

BACKGROUND

Medical devices that include a medicament have been known. Examples include contact lenses and stents for the treatment or prevention of a variety of diseases, disorders or conditions, such as contact lenses for the treatment of glaucoma and stents for the treatment or prevention of restinosis. Existing medical devices that include medicaments are traditionally made using relatively simple drug coating or drug impregnation technologies that do not allow the modulated release of the medicament from the coating. The present invention addresses these limitations and provides additional benefits as well.

A variety of medical devices, particularly contact lenses, that include a medicament have been described. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,638,137B2 to Chuahan et al. describes drug delivery systems through dispersion of transparently encapsulated drugs within the lens. However, such dispersion inside the lens could alter the physical properties of the polymeric lens materials. Also, while encapsulated drugs may be visually transparent in certain instances, the may interfere with the optical properties of the lens. Also, drugs inside the lens may be released from either or both the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens and thus not providing the desired dosage of a drug to the cornea or other areas of an eye structure and surrounding tissues. This document also provides a survey of the literature relating to issues relating to drug release.

U.S. published Patent Application No. 2009/07504245A1 to Orilla et al. describe the masking of a color of a drug by applying a color layer on top of the drug. This document does not relate to the controlling the drug release rate from the lens.

Also, U.S. published Patent Application No. 2009/0004244 to Burke et al. describes deposing a drug in an iris simulated pattern to provide a cosmetic appearance of a lens for drug delivery. This document does not relate to how drug release rate can be controlled.

In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 6,887,858 to Yerxa describes formulations for the treatment of dry eye diseases. The document is not related to drug release from a medical device such as a contact lens.

Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,553 to Gil et al. describes a drug for ocular surface pain. Gil et al. does not, however relate to controlled drug delivery rate.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,786,812 to Neefe describes the use of contact lenses for drug delivery. This document, however, does not relate to achieving desired release rate of a drug from a lens.

Also, U.S. Pat. No. 3,618,604 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,828,777 describe polymeric plastics in which a drug is held to provide controlled drug release rate. The documents, however, do not relate to the ability to adjust drug release rate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 depicts a step-by-step construction of a 3D structure on surface of a medical device such as but not limited to a contact lens. These steps include constructing one or more drug reservoir layer, barrier layers of different diffusivity along with capillaries of different heights. All these structures are created to obtain a desirable drug release rate.

FIG. 2 depicts different types of 3D structures built on the surface of a medical device such as but not limited to a contact lens to obtain a desirable drug release rate.

FIG. 3 also depicts different types of 3D structures built on the surface of a medical device such as but not limited to a contact lens to obtain a desirable drug release rate.

FIG. 4 depicts a further extension of capillaries and barrier layers to accommodate one or more drugs or to obtain a desirable drug release rate. The drug reservoir layer can be built on the surface of the medical device such as but not limited to a contact lens.

FIG. 5 depicts the application of a drug receiving layer on the surface of a medical device such as but not limited to a contact lens by printing.

FIG. 6 depicts one aspect of the invention where the drug is one of the ingredients of printable formulation that also includes monomers with derivatized oligomers.

FIG. 7 depicts one aspect of the invention where there is a uni-directional or near uni-directional release of a drug from the medical device such as but not limited to a contact lens utilizing a blocking layer that prevents release of a drug in one direction.

FIG. 8 depicts one aspect of the invention where it is desirable to provide two or more different drugs, such as but not limited to one for glaucoma and another for comfort enhancement of a medical device such as but not limited to contact lenses such as but not limited to for dry eye at the same time or at different times. This figure depicts the use of concentric layers of two drugs whereas FIG. 4 depicts the use of providing separate layers of drugs at different heights and thicknesses of a drug reservoir layer to achieve this function and related structure for release of two different drugs at the same time or at different times.

FIG. 9 also depicts one aspect of the invention where there is a uni-directional or near uni-directional release of a drug from the medical device such as but not limited to a contact lens utilizing a blocking layer that prevents release of a drug in one direction.

FIG. 10 depicts structures of the present invention where layers of at least one barrier layer are provided above one another over at least one drug reservoir layer. The rate of diffusion of a drug from the at least of drug reservoir layer through the three barrier layers A, B, and C can be expressed as Rate=R_(a)×R_(b)×R_(c).

FIG. 11 depicts structures of the present invention where layers of at least one barrier layer are provided along side one another over at least one drug reservoir layer. The rate of diffusion of a drug from the at least of drug reservoir layer through the three barrier layers A, B, and C can be expressed as Rate=R_(a)+R_(b)+R_(c), where R_(a), R_(b) and R_(c) represent drug release rates through materials through materials A, B, and C, respectively, and are related to thickness and other physical and chemical properties of the material.

FIG. 12 depicts structures of the present invention where layers of at least one barrier layer are provided along side one another over at least one drug reservoir layer and provide capillary structures in between them. The rate of diffusion of a drug from the at least of drug reservoir layer through the three barrier layers A, B, and C can be expressed as Rate=R_(a)+R_(b)+R_(c)+R_(capillary).

SUMMARY

The present invention recognizes that medical devices, such as but not limited to contact lenses, can be made having at least one coating layer made at least in part using printing technologies to provide drug storage and drug release structures. The at least one coating layer preferably includes at least one drug reservoir layer and a least one barrier layer, and can include structures, such as but not limited to capillary structures, which alone or in combination modulate the release of the drug from the coating.

A first aspect of the present invention is a medical device that incorporates at least one drug in at least one coating, where the at least one coating includes at least one drug reservoir layer and at least one barrier layer.

A second aspect of the present invention is a method of making a medical device that incorporates at least one drug in at least one coating, where the at least one coating includes at least one drug reservoir layer and at least one barrier layer.

A third aspect of the present invention is a method of using a medical device of the present invention to treat or prevent a disease, disorder or condition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures well known and commonly employed in the art. Conventional methods are used for these procedures, such as those provided in the art and various general references such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,160,463; 5,271,874; 5,018,849; 5,034,166; 5,414,477; 6,315,410; 6,899,426B2; 7,638,137B2; US Published Patent Application US2009/0062381A1; Day et al, Current Optometric Information and Terminology, Third Edition, American Optometric Association (1980); Howley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary (1981); Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology; and “Contact Lenses for Drug Delivery: Achieving Sustained Release with Novel Systems,” Alvarez Lorenzo et. al. American Journal of Drug Delivery, (2006) 4 (3) (3) (5). Where a is provided in the singular, the inventors also contemplate the plural of that term. The nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures described below are those well known and commonly employed in the art. As employed throughout the disclosure, the following terms, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings:

“Directly” refers to direct causation of a process that does not require intermediate steps.

“Indirectly” refers to indirect causation that requires intermediate steps.

“Digitally Encoded Image” or “Digital Image” refers to an image that has been created or stored in a digital format. A digitally encoded image can be made using methods known in the art, such as artistic renditions or scanning or otherwise translating an image. A digitally encoded image can be stored on appropriate storage medium, such as magnetic medium or polymers such as cyclo-olefin copolymers. A plurality of digitally encoded images can be stored together or separately to form a database of digitally encoded images that are accessible individually or in combination. Such digitally encoded images can be altered using established methods, such as artistic renditions or image modulating software. A plurality of images can also be merged to form a new digitally encoded image.

“Solvent” refers to an aqueous, organic or inorganic solvent, such as water, isopropanol, tetrahydrofuran or acetone.

“Surfactant” refers to a surfactant as that term is known in the art, such as, for example, acetylene glycol or polyoxyethylene alkyl.

“Dispersant” refers to dispersants as they are known in the art, such as, for example, the Tergitol series from Union Carbide, polyoxylated alkyl ethers, alkyl diamino quaternary salts or “Pecegal “O”” from GAF (U.S. Pat. No. 5,560,766). Dispersants are preferably used at between about 0.1% and about 10%, more preferably between about 0.5% and about 5%.

“Lens” as used herein refers to a composition of matter that can transmit light. A lens preferably can act as an optical lens, such as a contact lens. In certain aspects of the present invention, a lens need not act as an optical lens, such as a contact lens that is used for therapeutic purposes as opposed to purposes relating to the correction, improvement or alteration of a user's eyesight.

“Contact Lens” refers to a structure that can be placed on or within a wearer's eye. A contact lens can correct, improve, or alter a user's eyesight, but that need not be the case. A contact lens can be of any appropriate material known in the art or later developed, and can be a soft lens, a hard lens or a hybrid lens. A contact lens can be in a dry state or a wet state.

“Soft Lens” refers to a variety of soft lenses as they are known in the art that are characterized as having, for example, at least one of the following characteristics: oxygen permeable, hydrophilic or pliable.

“Hard Lens” refers to a variety of hard lenses as they are known in the art that are characterized as having, for example, at least one of the following characteristics: hydrophobic, gas permeable or rigid.

“Hybrid Lens” refers to a variety of hybrid lenses as they are known in the art, such as, for example, a lens having a soft skirt and a hard center.

“Dry State” refers to an article of manufacture or a portion thereof in a state prior to hydration or the state of an article of manufacture or a portion thereof under storage or use conditions.

“Wet State” refers to an article of manufacture or a portion thereof in a hydrated state.

“Transparent” refers to a substantial portion of visible light transmitted through a structure, such as greater than or equal to 90% of incident light.

“Opaque” refers to a substantial portion of visible light reflected or absorbed by a structure, such as greater than or equal to 90% of incident light.

“Partially opaque” refers to a combination of transparent and opaque.

“Hydrogel” refers to a polymer that swells in an aqueous solution due to the absorbance of water. A hydrogel includes water or an aqueous solution as part of its structure.

“Polymer” refers to a linkage of monomers. Preferably, a polymer is a polymer appropriate for use in lenses, such as contact lenses. A polymer can be, for example, a homopolymer, a heteropolymer, a copolymer, a hydrophobic polymer, a hydrophilic polymer or any combination thereof.

“Hydrophobic Polymer” refers to a polymer that does not absorb an appreciable amount of water or an aqueous solution (see, U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,166).

“Hydrophilic Polymer” refers to a polymer that absorbs an appreciable amount of water or an aqueous solution (see, U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,166). Lens forming materials that are suitable in the fabrication of contact lenses are illustrated by one or more of the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,976,576; 3,220,960; 3,937,680; 3,948,871; 3,949,021; 3,983,083; 3,988,274; 4,018,853; 3,875,211; 3,503,942; 3,532,679; 3,621,079; 3,639,524; 3,700,761; 3,721,657; 3,758,448; 3,772,235; 3,786,034; 3,803,093; 3,816,571; 3,940,207; 3,431,046; 3,542,461; 4,055,378; 4,064,086; 4,062,624; and 5,034,166.

“Hydrophilic Monomer” refers to monomers used to make soft lenses, such as hydroxyethylmethacrylate, methacrylic acid, or N-vinylpyrrolidone (U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,874; U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,010).

“Hydrophilic Monomer” refers to monomers used to make hard lenses, such as methylmethacrylate, ethoxyethylmethacrylate, styrene, or silicone (U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,874; U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,010).

“Homopolymer” refers to a polymer comprising a single type of monomer such as hydroxyethylmethacrylate.

“Heteropolymer” refers to a polymer comprising more than one type of monomer such as hydroxyethylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid.

“Copolymer” refers to the use of two different polymers to make a polymer chain.

“Acrylic Polymer” or “Acrylics” refers to a variety of polymer of that genus and species as they are known in the art, such as, for example, hydroxyethylmethacrylate.

“Silicone Polymer” or “Silicones” refers to a variety of polymers of that genus and species as they are known in the art, such as, for example Tris (such as Tris (pentamethyldisiloxyanyl)-3-methacrylate-propylsilane or 3-methacryloxypropy tris(trimethylsiloxy)silane).

“Polycarbonate Polymer” or “Polycarbonate” refers to a variety of polymers of that genus and species as they are known in the art, such as, for example Lexan.

“Initiator” in the context of polymerization refers to an initiator as that term is known in the art, such as, for example, a chemical that starts a polymerization reaction.

“UV Initiator” in the context of polymerization refers to a UV initiator as that term is known in the art, such as, for example, a chemical that becomes reactive or active with the adsorption of energy, such as UV energy, such as, for example benzoin methyl ether.

“Binder” or “bonding agent” refers to compounds used perform the function of increasing the interaction between moieties, such as between monomers and polymers such as those tetins are known in the art. Examples of binders or binding agents are hcxamethylene diisocyanate or other isocyanate compounds.

“Thickener” refers to a compound that is used to increase the viscosity of a liquid or partially liquid mixture or solution such as that term is known in the art. An example of a thickener is polyvinyl alcohols.

“Anti-kogating agent” or “non-kogating agent” refers to compounds that facilitate printing processes that utilize nozzles, such as such terms are known in the art.

“Dispersant” refers to a surface-active agent added to a suspending medium to promote the distribution and separation of fine or extremely fine solid particles.

“Thelma′ Initiator” in the context of polymerization refers to a thermal initiator as that term is known in the art, such as, for example, a chemical that becomes active or reactive with the absorption of heat energy, such as, for example, Vazo-64 or azobisisobutyronitrile.

“Anti-Bacterial Agent” refers to a compound or composition that can act as a bactericidal or bacteriostatic or can reduce the growth rate of a bacteria such as tetrabutylammonium chloride.

“Anti-Fungal Agent” refers to a compound or composition that can act as a fungicidal or fungistatic or can reduce the growth rate of a fungi such as benzalkonium chloride salicylic acid.

“Disinfectant” refers to a compound or composition that can reduce the type, number or diversity of microorganisms.

“Humectant” refers to compounds that reduce evaporation, such as ethylene glycol.

“Printing” refers to the application of at least one printing formulation to a surface or structure. Printing can use any appropriate device or method known in the art of later developed for a particular purpose.

“Printing Device” refers to any appropriate device for printing on a surface or structure known in the art or later developed for a particular purpose. Preferably, a printing device includes the dispensation of microdroplets of liquid. The size or volume of the microdroplets can vary, but generally the smaller the microdroplet, the higher the quality of the printing produced. Preferred microdroplets are between about 1 picoliter and about 1,000 microliters, preferably between about 10 picoliters and about 10 microliters or between about 100 picoliters and about 1 microliter. Preferred microdroplets can also be in the microlieter range.

“Ink Jet Printing” refers to printing using a printing device that comprises at least one ink jet. Such printing devices are commercially available such as through, for example, Hewlett Packard Corporation (such as DeskJet 560C printer cartridges) and Encad Corporation.

“Piezo Printing” refers to printing using a printing device that comprises at least one piezo printing structure. Such piezo printing structures are known in the art, such as, for example, those available through Packard Instruments and Hewlett Packard Corporation or Canon Inc.

“Thermal Printing” refers to printing using a printing device that comprises at least one thermal printing structure. Such thermal printing structures are known in the art, such as, for example, those available through Hewlett Packard Corporation.

“Laser Printing” refers to printing using a printing device that uses at least one laser printing structure. Such printing structures are known in the art, such as, for example, those available through Cannon or Hewlett Packard Corporation.

“Pad Transfer Printing” refers to printing using a pad transfer printing device. Such pad transfer printing devices are known in the art, particularly for printing in the field of contact lenses. Briefly, a layer is placed or printed on a pad transfer device and the layer on the pad transfer device is transferred to another surface, such as a polymer or lens or other surface (U.S. Pat. No. 3,536,386 to Spivack, issued Oct. 27, 1970; U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,402 to Knapp, issued Apr. 15, 1986; U.S. Pat. No. 4,704,017 to Knapp, issued Nov. 3, 1987; U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,166 to Rawlings et al., Jul. 23, 1991; U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,182 to r riggs et al., issued Apr. 21, 1992; U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,245 to Su et al., issued Oct. 4, 1994; U.S. Pat. No. 5,452,658 to Shell, issued Sep. 26, 1995 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,265 to Misciagno et al., issued Jun. 10, 1997).

“Impregnation” refers to a drug being contacted with a surface, such as a polymer, and the drug diffuses into the polymer (EP 0357062 to Pfortner, published Mar. 7, 1990).

“Chemical Bond” refers to a covalent bond or non-covalent bond.

“Polymer-Polymer Bond” refers to two polymers foiming covalent or non-covalent bonds, such as by cross linking polymers formed between two polymers, such as hydroxyethyl rnethylacrylate and ehtyleneglycoldimethacrylate.

“Dry State” refers to a polymer that is not fully hydrated.

“Wet State” refers to a polymer that is fully hydrated.

“Forming a Lens” or “Fabricating a Lens” refers to any method or structure known in the art or later developed used to form a lens. Such forming can take place, for example, using cast-molding, spin-casting, cutting, grinding, laser cutting, stamping, trimming, engraving, etching or the like (U.S. Pat. No. 4,558,931 to Fuhrman, issued Dec. 17, 1985).

“Cast-Molding” in the context of forming a lens refers to the formation of at least a portion lens using a mold (U.S. Pat. No. 3,536,386 to Spivak, issued Oct. 27, 1970; U.S. Pat. No. 3,712,718 to LeGrand et al., issued Jan. 23, 1973; U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,402 to Knapp, issued Apr. 15, 1986; U.S. Pat. No. 4,704,017 to Knapp, issued Nov. 3, 1987; U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,182 to Briggs et al., issued Apr. 21, 1992; U.S. Pat. No. 5,160,463 to Evans et al., issued Nov. 3, 1992; U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,874 to Osipo et al., issued Dec. 21, 1993 and EP 0357062 to Pfortner, published Mar. 7, 1990)

“Spin-Casting” in the context of forming a lens refers to the formation of a lens using centrifugal force (U.S. Pat. No. 3,557,261 to Wichterle, issued Jan. 19, 1971 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,166 to Rawlings et al., issued Jul. 23, 1991).

“Information Storage Medium” refers to any medium of expression that can store information in any appropriate format either permanently or transiently. Preferred information storage medium includes paper, electronic medium, magnetic medium or polymers, such as cyclo-olefin copolymers.

“Electronic Medium” refers to information storage medium that can store information in electronic form. For example, electronic medium includes magnetic storage medium, such as diskettes.

“Machine Readable Format” refers to information stored on or within an information storage medium in a form, language or arrangement such that a machine, such as a central processing unit (CPU) can access and use the information.

“Database” refers to a collection of information, such as digital images. The information is preferably provided on or within an information storage medium and can be separate from or integral with a central processing unit.

“Printable formulation” refers to a printable formulation that can be used in conjunction with a printing technology or printing device to provide at least one structure, at least one layer, or a combination thereof, of the present invention.

“Subject” refers to, but is not limited to, a human or non-human primate; a companion animal such as but not limited to a dog, a cat, a bird, a fish, a reptile, an amphibian, a fox, a wolf, a pig, a horse or other companion as is known in the art; laboratory animal, such as, but not limited to a mouse, a rat, a guinea pig, a rabbit, a dog, a cat, a ferret, a pig, or other laboratory animals as is known in the art; working animals such as but not limited to a dog, a horse or other working animals as are known in the art; or any other animal as in known in the art that may be in need of the technology of the present invention or for testing of the technology of the present invention.

“Digital printing” refers to the printing of at least a portion of a layer of the present invention using at least one digital image printing technology.

“3D printing” or “three dimensional pringint” refers to the printing of three-dimensional structures using appropriate printing technologies and printers as are known in the art or later developed. 3D printing is useful in the making of parts, products or layers using a computer-driven, additive process, one or more layers at a time. 3D printing can build parts or other structures such as layers, using any appropriate material, such as, but not limited to plastic or metal, directly from CAD drawings or other digital images that have been preferably cross sectioned into may, if not hundreds or thousands of layers. 3D printing provides a faster and less costly alternative to machining, such as but not limited to machining, including but not limited to cutting, turning, grinding and drilling of materials, such as solid materials. Although various techniques are used in 3D printing in the relevant art, 3D printers use method of additive fabrication, that is the building a part or structure one layer at a time, with layers ranging in thickness from about a millimeter to less than 1/1,000 of an inch. The building material can be in any appropriate form, such as, but not limited to a liquid, a power or a sheet of material that is cured by heat, UV light, a chemical reaction or other appropriate method.

Other technical terms used herein have their ordinary meaning in the art that they are used, as exemplified by a variety of technical dictionaries.

Introduction

The present invention recognizes that medical devices, such as but not limited to contact lenses, can be made having at least one coating made at least in part using printing technologies to provide drug storage and drug release structures. The coating preferably includes at least one drug reservoir layer including at least one drug, and a least one barrier layer. The at least one barrier layer can include structures, such as but not limited to capillary structures, that alone or in combination, modulate the release of the drug from the coating.

As a non-limiting introduction to the breath of the present invention, the present invention includes several general and useful aspects, including:

1) A medical device that incorporates a drug. The medical device includes a coating that includes at least one drug reservoir layer that includes a drug and at least one barrier layer.

2) A method of making a medical device that incorporates a drug. The medical device includes a coating that includes at least one drug reservoir layer that includes a drug and at least one barrier layer. The coating is made at least in part using printing.

3) A method of using a medical device of the present invention to treat or prevent a disease, disorder or condition. The medical device can be implantable or non-implantable and is placed at a location in a subject appropriate for treating or preventing a disease, disorder or condition.

These aspects of the invention, as well as others described herein, can be achieved by using the methods, articles of manufacture and compositions of matter described herein. To gain a full appreciation of the scope of the present invention, it will be further recognized that various aspects of the present invention can be combined to make desirable embodiments of the invention.

I Medical Devices Including a Medicament

The present invention includes an article of manufacture that includes: a) a medical device including at least one surface; and b) one or more coatings provided on at least a portion of the at least one surface. The coating includes: 1) at least one drug reservoir layer produced at least in part by printing, wherein the at least one drug reservoir layer includes at least one drug; and 2) at least one barrier layer including one or more structures produced at least in part by printing. The at least one barrier layer modulates the release of the at least one drug from the at least one drug reservoir layer (see, for example, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3).

Medical Device

The medical device of the present invention can be any known in the art or later developed. The medical device can be implanted within a subject as is the case with many medical devices as they are known in the art such as, for example, cardiac stents, joint replacements such a hip and knee among others, birth control sticks, pacemakers, breast implants, facial implants for reconstructive or cosmetic purposes such as for the cheeks and chin, intrauterine devices (IUD's), pins and mesh and resorbable materials such as known in the art (such as, but not limited to, polylactic acid (PLA)) for bone reconstruction or immobilization, dental implants, filters to entrap blood clots in blood vessels, optical lens replacements for cataract treatment, voice boxes for throat cancer patients and the like.

The medical device of the present invention can also be non-implantable as they are know in the art, such as, for example, contact lenses, dental apparatus, drug patches, transdermal drug patches including but not limited to birth control, Alzheimer's patches, smoking cessation patches, hearing aids, earplugs or other devices inserted into the ear to treat swimmer's ear and ear infections and the like.

The medical device of the present invention can be made of any appropriate material or combination of materials as appropriate for the purpose and location where the medical device will ultimately reside within or on a subject. The choice of materials for the medical device is determinable by one skilled in the art, and there are numerous examples in the prior art for the skilled artisan to follow. For the present invention, it is generally the surface of the medical device on which a coating is provided, but this need not be an exclusive requirement.

Surface

The surface of a medical device that is to be coated in the manner of the present invention can be of any appropriate material and is usually determined or influenced by the nature of the medical device and where, and how long, it is to be implanted, or not implanted, within or on a subject.

Many medical devices present metal on their surface. Examples include, but are not limited to, bone pins and mesh for bone repair and stabilization. Metals that can be used as a surface include, for example, steal, stainless steel, gold, silver and the like.

Some medical devices present a plastic or polymer on their surface. Examples include but are not limited to contact lenses, IUD's an implantable birth control sticks. There are a wide variety of polymers and plastics available for use in medical devices, which are too numerous to enumerate here. Individual polymers and plastics are discussed further herein, and are intended as a limiting list of such materials.

Other medical devices present partially polymerized polymers during their manufacture, but not necessarily in the final product. The partially polymerized polymers can be used as an intermediate product to facilitate bonding with other components of the device. Examples include, but are not limited to, contact lenses and the like.

Still other medical devices present on their surface polymer matrices. Examples include, but are not limited to, limited to materials that allow for skin or other tissue regenerations, such as for trauma, disease, disorder, condition such as, for example, burn treatment, such as those that contain fibronectin or other structural proteins. The polymer matrix or protein matrix can be any appropriate, such as but not limited to proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.

In addition, still other medical devices present on their surface silicone, ceramic, glass, carbon (inclusive of nanotubles and graphite) and fabric. Examples include, but are not limited to, breast implants, penal implants, hip replacement parts, knee replacement parts, bandages for burn and trauma wounds, and the like. The silicone, ceramic, glass, carbon (including but not limited to graphite including sheets, carbon nano-structures such as tubes, balls, sheets and other structures) and fabric can be any appropriate and as are realized in the art.

The surface of a medical device can also be pretreated or modified by various processes to, in some instances, clean or otherwise prepare the surface for receiving the coating of the present invention. Some pretreatments may be physical in nature, such as polishing, scarring or scoring, whereas others may be chemical in nature. Preferred chemical process include, but are not limited to, chemical coating, chemical cleaning, chemical texture modification, chemical or electrochemical activation or creation of reactive groups on or within said at least one surface, application of one or more chemicals to said at least one surface, and combinations thereof.

Drug Resevoir Layer

The drug reservoir layer serves to store a drug for later release from the coating. The drug reservoir layer is preferably porous or otherwise is able to contain a drug for this purpose. In one aspect of the present invention, the drug reservoir layer is solid or semi-solid, such as a gel or sol, which can reversibly entrap a drug for later release. The drug reservoir layer can be provided first without a drug and the drug added at a later step (see, FIG. 5). In the alternative the drug reservoir layer can be provided with a drug in one step (see, FIG. 6). The drug reservoir layer is preferably made using printing technology. The choice of polymer depends on several factors, including, for example, the printing technology to be used to print the drug reservoir layer.

The drug reservoir layer can include a polymer with the characteristics stated above. Preferable polymers include, but are not limited to, polyHEMA, polyGMA, polyvinylalcohol, polyDMA, PMMA (polymethylacrylicacid), polycarbonate, PVP (polyvinylpyrolidone), siloxane, and the like. Depending on the polymer and the printing technology chosen, the polymer can be provided in a monomer state and later polymerized, or in the alternative, provided in a partially polymerized state.

The drug reservoir layer can also include a partially polymerized polymer with the characteristics stated above and can be any as appropriate. Preferable polymers include, but are not limited to polyHEMA, polyGMA, polyvinylalcohol, polyDMA, PMMA (polymethylacrylicacid), polycarbonate, PVP (polyvinylpyrolidone), siloxane, and the like. Depending on the partially polymerized polymer and the printing technology chosen, the partially polymerized polymer can be provided in a monomer state and later partially polymerized, or in the alternative, provided in a partially polymerized state.

The drug reservoir layer can include a polymer matrix with the characteristics stated above and can be any as appropriate. Preferable polymer matrix include, but are not limited to, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Depending on the polymer and the printing technology chosen, the polymer matrix can be provided in a monomer state and later polymerized, or in the alternative, provided in a polymerized state.

In addition, still other materials can be used for the drug reservoir layer, such as, but not limited to silicone, ceramic, glass, carbon (inclusive of nanotubles and graphite) and fabric. The silicone, ceramic, glass, carbon and fabric can be any appropriate and as are realized in the art and the choice generally relates, as with other materials used in the drug reservoir layer, to they physical characteristics such as the ability to accept and retain a drug for later release and the printing technology chosen to print the drug reservoir layer.

Preferable materials for the drug reservoir layer include derivatized oligomers. Preferable derivatized oligomers include, but are not limited to HEMA (mydroxyethylmethylacrylates), DMA (dimethylacrylamides), GMA (glycidolmethylacylates), PVA (polyvinlyalcohols), silicone or siloxane. As with other materials used, the choice of derivatized oligomers depends on the physical characteristics of the material and the printing technology used to make the drug reservoir layer.

If the material used for the drug reservoir layer need to be polymerized and cured, then a polymerization initiator or curing initiator needs to be used. The requirement for a polymerization initiator or curing initiator depends on the particular type of polymer/monomer being utilized and the choice is established in the technology. Preferable polymerization initiator or curing initiators include, but are not limited to at least one of UV cure, thermal cure, room temperature cure, simultaneous printing and UV curing or e-beam.

As set forth in the figures, the drug reservoir layer can release a drug in one or more directions. For example, turning to a contact lens, the drug receiving layer can release drug towards the cornea or towards the eyelid when the contact lens is engaged with the eye. The use of barrier layers, or lack thereof, allows for the design of structures that allow drug to be released in one or both directions.

The material used for the drug receiving layer can be bonded to, permanently bonded to, or not bonded to the surface. Certain materials that can be used for the drug reservoir layer inherently bond or do not bond to a surface, depending on the nature of the surface. As discussed previously, the surface can be modified, such as through chemical medication or other methods or techniques, to allow the drug reservoir layer to chemically bond or react with the drug receiving layer components.

Drug Receiving Layer

The manufacture of the drug reservoir layer can include the use of a drug receiving layer. In this instance, a drug receiving layer is applied to the surface by an appropriate means or method, such as printing. The drug receiving layer could include or not include a drug at this juncture in time. The drug receiving layer has physical and chemical characteristics to allow the efficient and localized acceptance of a drug applied thereto using appropriate methods, preferably printing. Once the drug receiving layer is applied to the surface, then a drug, or an additional drug, is applied thereto to entrap the drug or additional drug therein for later release.

The drug receiving layer can be of any appropriate material with the appropriate physical and chemical characteristics to obtain a structure with the desired characteristics discussed herein. The drug receiving layer can be a chemical. Preferred materials for the drug receiving layer include, but are not limited to, a highly absorbent polymer such as, but not limited to, a polyvinlylpyrrolidone homopolymer, a polyvinylpyrrolidone copolymer, a polyacrylamide homopolymer, a polyacrylamide copolymer, a polyacrylate homopolymer, a polyacrylate copolymer, a proteinaceous material, a carbohydrate, or a combination thereof.

As there may be other layers applied to the surface prior to the drug receiving layer, the drug receiving layer can be applied to such prior layers using appropriate methods. As with other layers of the coating of the present invention, the drug receiving layer can be provided by any appropriate method, preferably by printing technology.

Where the drug receiving layer includes a polymer, then the drug receiving layer can include a bonding agent or crosslinking agent in order to aid in entrapping or otherwise immobilizing a drug for later release from the drug reservoir layer. Preferable bonding agents include, but are not limited to methylacrylic acid, titanates, and silanes. Preferable crosslinking agents include, but are not limited to HDI, and devivitized oligomers of HEMA, GMA, DMA and PVA, Polyfunctional Aziridine, and multifunctional carbodimide.

In one preferred aspect of the present invention, the drug receiving layer includes a highly absorbent polymer. Preferred highly absorbent polymers include, but are not limited to a polyvinylpyrrolidine homopolymer, a polyvinylpyrrolidone copolymer, a polyacrylamide homopolymer, a polyacrylamide copolymer, a polyacrylate homopolymer, a polyacrylate copolymer, a proteinaceous material, a carbohydrate, or a combination thereof.

The preferred method of application of a drug receiving layer of the present invention is printing technologies and coating technologies. Preferable methods of printing include, but are not limited to direct coating, application of droplets or microdroplets, ink jet printing, soaking, impregnation, spin coating, drip coating, screen coating, silk screen coating, or pad printing such as those methods are know in the art.

Drug

The drug provided in the drug reservoir agent is a matter of choice to one skilled in the appropriate arts depending on the disease, disorder or condition to be treated or prevented, along with the location of the article of manufacture on or with the subject and the nature of the medical device used. For example, drug for the treatment or prevention of glaucoma would be provided with a contact lens, whereas a drug for the treatment or prevention of restinosis would be provided with a stent.

The drug released from the article of manufacture should be of the appropriate amount, duration and dosing in order to be an effective amount to prevent or treat at least one disease, disorder or condition. The amount, duration and dosing of a drug to a particular location for such treatment or prevention is available to one skilled in the art. The present invention allows localized and controlled dosing in terms of the amount and duration of the dose and can allow for the continuous or intermittent release of drug for a regime of drug delivery.

One preferable aspect of the present invention is the delivery of a drug to the eye to treat or prevent or treat diseases, conditions or disorders of the eye. There are drugs known to treat or prevent a variety of diseases and conditions with appropriate regimes of dose, time course of administration, and route of administration. The present invention allows for varying the regime of dose and time course and provides a highly localized route of administration as well. Preferred drugs that are antibiotics useful for treatment of eye infections include, but are not limited to, gentamicin, tobramycin, erythromycin, polytrim, cirproflizacin, viamox, and xymar. Preferred drugs that are used to treat glaucoma include, but are not limited to, timolol, alphagan, axopt, cosopt, lumigan, travatan, xalatan, and combigan. Preferred drugs that are anti-inflammatory that are used to treat diseases, disorders and conditions of the eye include, but are not limited to, perdforte, lotemax, fluromethlone, nevanac, acular and xibrom. Other drugs known in the art to treat or prevent diseases, conditions or disorders of the eye include, but are not limited to pilocarpine, dexamethasone, pilocarpine nitrate, tropicamide, tirnolol, timolol nitrate, timolol maleate, methyl prednisolone, flurbiprofen, penillin G, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, sulphacetaminde sodium, indomethacin, hydrocortisone, indomethacin, pilocarpine hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, insulin, indomethacin, and ketorolac tromethamine, either alone or in combination. (see, for example, Yasmin Sultana, Rahul Jain, Rahul Rathod, Asgar Ali, M.Aqil, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, INDIA. “Advances in Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems: Part I” By—Apr. 12, 2005, in Latest Reviews Vol. 3 Issue 2, 2005, www.pharmmainfo.net/reviews/advances-opthalmic-drug-delivery-systems-part-i, and Yasmin Sultana, Rahul Jain, Rahul Rathod, Asgar Ali, M.Aqil, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, INDIA, “Advances in Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems: Part II” By—Apr. 12, 2005, in Latest Reviews Vol. 3 Issue 2, 2005, www.pharmmainfo.net/reviews/advances-opthalmic-drug-delivery-systems-part-ii (Apr. 1, 2011) (“Sultana et al. Part II). Sultana et al. Part I and Sultana et al. Part II provide reviews and listings of drugs an combinations thereof to treat or prevent various diseases, conditions and disorders of the eye. The patent literature also provides for ocular drug delivery devices and strategies as provided by Sultana et al. Part I and Sultana et al. Part II. See, for example US patent and US published patent application numbers: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,925,581; 5,227,372; 5,296,228; 5,480,914; 5,578,638; 5,705,194; 5,888,493; 6,242,442; 6,297,240; 6,316,441; 6,410,045; 6,416,740; 20020071874; 20020197300; 20030017199; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,226; 6,017,875; 6,154,671; 6,217,896; 6,319,240; 6,335,335; 6,410,045; 6,539,251; 6,579,519; 20020026176; 20030147849; 20020064513; 20020114778; 20020119941; 20020197300; 20030175324; 20030185892; 20030191426; and 20040037889.

In one aspect the present invention, the drug is provided in the drug reservoir layer and released from the drug receiving either alone or in combination with other ingredients. Alternatively, the drug can be provided in the drug reservoir layer with such other ingredients and then released from the drug reservoir layer without such other ingredients. In a preferred aspect of the present invention the drug is provided at least in part as a sole active ingredient without any other ingredient association that can alter the activity or deliverability of the at least one drug. That is to say that the drug is provided or released alone and free of other ingredients, such as but not limited to those used for encapsulation, micro-encapsulation or emulsification of a drug.

The drug can be provided or released from the drug receiving layer and coating of the present invention in an encapsulated form. Encapsulation of drugs is known in the art, such as and is within the skill of the ordinary artisan. Preferred encapsulation materials include, but are not limited to: biodegradable polycyanoacrylate, biodegradable poly(alkylcyanoacrylates), biodegradable calcium phosphate, legumin, polysaccharides drafted with polyesters (amphyphilic copolymers), poly(methylidene malonate), gelatin, poly(E-caprolactone), sodium alginate, agarose hydrogel, PMMA, biotinylated poly(ethylene glycol) conjugated with lactobionic acid, poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel, biotinylated pullulan acetate, dib loc copolymers and mixtures thereof. Wherein the polycyanoacrylates are preferably, but not limited to: polybutylcyanoacrylate, polyhexylcyanoacrylate, polyethyl-cyano-acrylate, polyisobutylcyanoacrylate and mixtures thereof

The drug can be provided or released from the drug receiving layer and coating of the present invention in a micro-encapsulated form. Micro-encapsulation of drugs is known in the art, such as “Microencapsulation Techniques, Factors Influencing Encapsulation Efficiency: A Review” Jyothi et. al Journal of Microencapsulation, Informa Health Care, Volume 27, Issue 3, P. 187-197, and is within the skill of the ordinary artisan.

The drug can be provided or released from the drug receiving layer and coating of the present invention in a nanoencapsulated with an encapsulation material in nanoparticles. Nanoencapsulation of drugs is known in the art, and is within the skill of the ordinary artisan. Non-limiting examples of nanoencapsulation materials include: chitosan nanoparticles, human serum albumin nanoparticles; silica nanospheres, PEG'ylated core-shell nanoparticles, biodegradable PGGA (poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) particles, PLA (poly lactic acid), PGA, PLG (poly-(D,L-glycolide) polymeric nanoparticles, biocompatible gliadin nanoparticles, low pH sensitive PEG stabilized plasmid-lipid nanoparticles, tocopherol derivatives stabilized nano-sized emulsion particles, PLA-PEG nanoparticles, nanoparticles composed of hydrophilic proteins coupled with apolipoprotein E, biodegradable poly(vesiln-caprolactone) nanoparticles, biotinylated poly(ethylene glycol) conjugated with lactobionic acid, carboxylmethyl dextran magnetic nanoparticles and mixtures thereof.

The drug can be provided or released from the drug receiving layer and coating of the present invention in an emulsion, water-in-oil emulsion, an oil-in-water emulsion, or a liposome. Emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions and liposomes including drugs is known in the art, such as U.S. Pat. No. 7,638,137 B2, and is within the skill of the ordinary artisan.

The drug of the present invention can take any appropriate form, such as a small molecule or a biologic or biologic mimic as those terms are known in the art. As stated previously, a wide variety of drugs in many forms are known for the treatment or prevention of a disease, disorder or condition. The present invention is not limited to any particular type or classification of drug. The structures of the coating of the present invention can be tailored for the storage and release of any appropriate drug. For example, the porosity of a drug reservoir layer would tend to be greater for a larger molecule, and likewise less so for a small molecule. By way of example, a small molecule would include hormones for hormone replacement therapy or nucleoside analogues as anti-viral agents. Biological drugs and related biological mimics, by way of example, would include the general classifications of enzymes, transport proteins, structural proteins, storage proteins, hormone proteins, receptor proteins, contractile proteins, defensive proteins, cytokines, clotting factors and vaccines. An example of a preferred proteins include, but are not limited to, insulin for the treatment of diabetes and antibodies and monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of infection or for targeted delivery of associated drugs.

In essence, virtually any drug can be useful in the present invention and an enumerated listing is beyond the scope of this document. As way of example, the following is a non-limited and non-exhaustive list of general classifications of drugs useful in the present invention: an anti-inflammatory, an anti-allergy, and antibiotic, a drug for the treatment of glaucoma, a drug for the treatment of macular degeneration, an ophthalmic drug, a hydrophilic drug, a hydrophobic drug, an anti-parasitic drug, a steroid, an antibiotic and a medicament for the treatment of dry eye and a medicament for treatment of eye discomfort.

Barrier Layer

The coating of the present invention can also include a barrier layer. In one aspect of the invention, the barrier layer is applied to the top of the drug reservoir layer and provides structure to the coating layer to modulate release of the drug from the coating and the coating. The barrier layer in this aspect of the invention can provide drug release modulating structures such as, but not limited to capillary structures. Multiple layers of barrier layers can be used as well to further modulate the release of drug from the drug reservoir layer and the coating layer. In another aspect of the invention, a barrier layer can be provided below the drug reservoir layer so as to prevent or diminish the migration of a drug in one direction while allowing the drug to migrate in another direction. Unlike the drug reservoir layer, the barrier layer does not substantially sequester a drug or allow a drug to pass through that structure, but rather modulates the flow of drug from the drug reservoir layer and the coating layer. The barrier layer can be provided within the coating by any appropriate means, preferably but not limited to printing technology.

The barrier layer can include a polymer with the characteristics stated above. Preferable polymers include, but are not limited to silicone, polyhydroxyethylmethylacrylates (polyhema, PVA, poly-n-vinyl pyrolidone, and polycarbonates). Depending on the polymer and the printing technology chosen, the polymer can be provided in a monomer state and later polymerized, or in the alternative, provided in a polymerized state.

The barrier layer can also include a partially polymerized polymer with the characteristics stated above and can be any as appropriate. Preferable polymers include, but are not limited to silicone, polyhydroxy ethylmethylacrylates (polyhema, PVA, and polycarbonates). Depending on the partially polymerized polymer and the printing technology chosen, the partially polymerized polymer can be provided in a monomer state and later partially polymerized, or in the alternative, provided in a partially polymerized state.

The barrier layer can include a polymer matrix with the characteristics stated above and can be any as appropriate. Preferable polymer matrix include, but are not limited to, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates silicone, polyhema, and polycarbonates). Depending on the polymer and the printing technology chosen, the polymer matrix can be provided in a monomer state and later polymerized, or in the alternative, provided in a polymerized state.

In addition, still other materials can be used for the barrier, such as, but not limited to silicone, ceramic, glass, carbon (inclusive of nanotubles and graphite) and fabric. The silicone, ceramic, glass, carbon and fabric can be any appropriate and as are realized in the art and the choice generally relates, as with other materials used in the barrier layer, to they physical characteristics such as the ability to generally accept and not retain a drug for later release and compatible with the printing technology chosen to print the barrier layer, can make permanent bond or dissolve in solvent or washable with solvent rinse.

Preferable materials for the barrier layer include derivatized oligomers. Preferable derivatized oligomers include, but are not limited to HEMA, DMA, GMA, PVA, silicone or siloxane. As with other materials used, the choice of derivatized oligomers depends on the physical characteristics of the material and the printing technology used to make the drug barrier layer.

If the material used for the barrier layer need to be polymerized and cured, then a polymerization initiator or curing initiator needs to be used. The requirement for a polymerization initiator or curing initiator depends on the particular type of polymer/monomer being utilized and the choice is established in the technology. Preferable polymerization initiator or curing initiators include, but are not limited to at least one of UV cure, thermal cure, room temperature cure, simultaneous printing and UV curing or e-beam.

In one preferred aspect of the present invention, the barrier layer includes capillary structures in order to modulate the release or flow of drug from the drug reservoir layer and the coating layer in general. These capillary structures are of a shape, size, orientation and spacing in order to allow capillary action to modulate the flow of drug from the drug reservoir layer and out of the coating layer.

The Lucas-Washburn equation that predicts the rise of the fluid meniscus, H(t), in the capillary with time t is given as:

H(t)=[(sR cos {grave over (Ø)}/2n)^(1/2) t ^(1/2)

Where:

-   -   s=fluid surface tension     -   n=fluid shear viscosity     -   R=pore radius {grave over (Ø)}=contact angle between meniscus         and wall

-   (Ref D. I. Dimitrovl, A. Milchevl, 2, and K Binder 1

-   1 Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz,     Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany

-   2 Institute for Chemical Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,     1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, Received 30 Mar. 2007; published 31 Jul. 2007)

One can use this equation to determine the drug release rate R_(capillary) for a capillary of given height, diameter, contact angle, viscosity and surface tension. The diameter and height of capillaries are at nano level, for example. they may be less than about 5 nanometers to about 50,000 nanometers.

Printing

A wide variety of printing technologies are applicable to providing the various layers of the coating of the present invention. The choice of which printing technology to use is a matter of choice for the skilled artisan based on the particular size, shape, thickness and other characteristics of the layer being provided. In addition, as some of the layers are printed in liquid or semi-solid form and then transformed into a solid or semi-solid form by, for example but not limited to polymerization or partial polymerization, the characteristics of the printing liquid or semi-solid is to be taken into account. As a preferred aspect of the present invention, the compositions of Doshi et al., published U.S. application No. 2008/0062381A1, published Mar. 13, 2008, are applicable, particularly when the pigment is optionally present in such formulations, and at least one drug is optionally provided in such formulations.

Preferred printing methods are digital in nature, such as those described by Doshi et al. (U.S. 2008/0062381A1) which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, such that they allow for a relatively precise method and means to provide a high quality and well defined print product. As the method and associated device are digital in nature, the printing process is adaptable for computer control and product design. Preferred digital printing methods and structures are discussed herein. As a non-limiting introduction to digital printing methods and devices, the following digital printing methods are preferred: ink jet printing, three dimensional printing (3D printing), piezo printing, thermal printing, laser printing MEMS printing (Micromachined Electro-Mechanical System) wherein the printing head or related or associated structures are rotatable or non-rotatable. Generally, but not exclusively, a printing solution of the present invention replaces the ink solution of existing and commercially available printing devices, in particular within the printing cartridge.

Likewise, preferred printing methods include pad printing as those methods are known in the art, including but not limited to pad transfer printing. Pad printing is not as exact as digital printing, but is a preferred method of printing for the present invention. Pad printing is known in the art for printing of images of the iris of the eye on contact lenses (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,302,978, 5,414,477, and 4,668,240).

Ink jet printing is known in the art and can take various forms and associated structures as are discussed herein. Generally, ink jet printing refers to printing devices and methods that utilize highly precise printing methods and structures that allow for the production of high quality and precise structures. Generally, available ink jet printing devices and structures can be utilized with minimal modification, with the ink solutions normally present in the ink jet cartridge or reservoir is replaced with a solution that includes a polymerizable monomer and associated polymerization initiators as needed. The polymerizable monomer can be polymerized at will and at a rapid rate after being dispensed from the ink jet printing structure.

Three dimensional printing is based primarily, but not exclusively, on ink jet printing technologies. These methods and devices allow for the generation of one-off or multiple copies of a structures. Generally, a polymerizable solutions is placed within the printing device and is dispensed under computer control and polymerized in repeated printing cycles or steps to generate a three dimensional structure. Examples of available and preferred 3D printing devices and related structures and cartridges include, but are not limited to those disclosed herein and otherwise known in the art or later developed.

Piezo printing is a subtype of ink jet printing that is a preferable printing method of the present invention. Examples of available and preferred piezo printing devices and related structures and cartridges include, but are not limited to those disclosed herein and otherwise known in the art or later developed.

Thermal printing is a subtype of ink jet printing that is a preferable printing method of the present invention. Examples of thermal printing devices and related structures and cartridges include, but are not limited to those disclosed herein and otherwise known in the art or later developed.

Laser printing is a subtype of ink jet printing that is a preferable printing method of the present invention. Examples of laser printing devices and related structures and cartridges include, but are not limited to those disclosed herein and otherwise known in the art or later developed.

Optionally, an ink jet printing device can include a rotating printer head that can allow for enhanced printing on curved surfaces.

Another preferred printing method is MEMS printing, wherein MEMS stands for Micromachined electromechanical system and is based on technologies that allow for the printing of integrated circuit boards, but are applicable to the production of very small structures that have functionality. Examples of structures having functionality made by MEMS printing include mechanical gears and other mechanical devices, lab on a chip structures for the performance of laboratory procedures including chemical reactions and diagnostic procedures

Modulation of Release of Drug

The combination of the components of the coating of the present invention, in particular the at least one drug reservoir layer that includes at least one drug and the at least one barrier layer, optionally with structures, such as but not limited to capillary structures, allows for the controlled release of the at least one drug from the coating. The coating structure allows for the production of a coating layer that can particularly tailor the release of the at least from drug from the coating layer for desirable characteristics, such as, but not limited to, dose, regime, time course of delivery and route of administration. As the article of manufacture can be localized to a particular locus on a subject, the drug can be delivered with particular focus with a particular regime, which can allow for less drug being administered to a subject if it were otherwise administered in a more systematic route of administration. The particular physical chemistry phenomenon associated with the release of the drug from the coating layer are discussed herein, but the listing is not to be considered limiting.

In one aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by diffusion, first out of the drug reservoir layer and then through the barrier layer, if present. Determination of the effect of diffusion on the migration of a chemical entity through a substrate or structures that can be a part of the coating layer can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In another aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by diffusion, first out of the drug reservoir layer and then through the barrier layer which can include structures, such as capillary structures (see, FIG. 4). Determination of the effect of capillary action on the migration of a chemical entity through a capillary structure present in the coating layer of the present invention, in particular the barrier layer, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In another aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by mass action, first out of the drug reservoir layer and then through the barrier layer which can include structures, such as capillary structures. Determination of the effect of mass action on the migration of a chemical entity through a coating layer of the present invention, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In yet another aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by a concentration gradient of the at least one drug, first out of the drug reservoir layer and then through the barrier layer which can include structures, such as capillary structures. Determination of the effect of a chemical gradient on the migration of a chemical entity through a coating layer of the present invention, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In yet another aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by the solubility of the at least one drug in an environment, first out of the drug reservoir layer and then through the barrier layer which can include structures, such as capillary structures. Determination of the effect of a solubility on the migration of a chemical entity through a coating layer of the present invention, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In yet another aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by the temperature at which the article of manufacture is held (either at storage temperature or during use) of the at least one drug, first out of the drug reservoir layer and then through the barrier layer which can include structures, such as capillary structures. Determination of the effect of temperature on the migration of a chemical entity through a coating layer of the present invention, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In yet another aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by the molecular weight of the at least one drug, first out of the drug reservoir layer and then through the barrier layer which can include structures, such as capillary structures. Determination of the effect of molecular weight on the migration of a chemical entity through a coating layer of the present invention, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In yet another aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by a concentration gradient of the at least one drug, first out of the drug reservoir layer and then through the barrier layer which can include structures, such as capillary structures. Determination of the effect of the migration of a chemical gradient on a chemical entity through a coating layer of the present invention, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In further aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by the thickness of the coating layer, and the components thereof, namely the drug reservoir layer and the barrier layer, if present, and ancillary structures, such a capillary structures, if present. Determination of the effect of the thickness of the coating and the components thereof on the migration of a chemical entity through a coating layer of the present invention, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In a still further aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by the porosity of the coating layer, and the components thereof, namely the drug reservoir layer and the barrier layer, if present, and ancillary structures, such a capillary structures, if present. Determination of the effect of the porosity of the coating and the components thereof on the migration of a chemical entity through a coating layer of the present invention, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In a still further aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by the pore size of the coating layer, and the components thereof, namely the drug reservoir layer and the barrier layer, if present, and ancillary structures, such a capillary structures, if present. Determination of the effect of the pore size of the coating layer and the components thereof on the migration of a chemical entity through a coating layer of the present invention, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In a still further aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by the molecular exclusion size of the coating layer, and the components thereof, namely the drug reservoir layer and the barrier layer, if present, and ancillary structures, such a capillary structures, if present. Determination of the effect of the molecular exclusion size of the coating and the components thereof on the migration of a chemical entity through a coating layer of the present invention, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In another aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by the water content of the coating layer, and the components thereof, namely the drug reservoir layer and the barrier layer, if present, and ancillary structures, such a capillary structures, if present. Determination of the effect of the water content of the coating and the components thereof on the migration of a chemical entity through a coating layer of the present invention, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In yet another aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by the concentration of the drug in the coating layer, and the components thereof, namely the drug reservoir layer and the barrier layer, if present, and ancillary structures, such a capillary structures, if present. Determination of the effect of the concentration of the drug in the coating and the components thereof on the migration of a chemical entity through a coating layer of the present invention, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In a further aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by the concentration of the drug in the coating layer, and the components thereof, namely the drug reservoir layer and the barrier layer, if present, and ancillary structures, such a capillary structures, if present. Determination of the effect of the concentration of the drug in the coating and the components thereof on the migration of a chemical entity through a coating layer of the present invention, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In a still further aspect of the invention, the release of the at least one drug from the coating layer can be modulated by the packaging environment of the coating layer (such as the concentration of drug in the packaging solution, if present), and the components thereof, namely the drug reservoir layer and the barrier layer, if present, and ancillary structures, such a capillary structures, if present. Determination of the effect of the packaging environment of the coating and the components thereof on the migration of a chemical entity through a coating layer of the present invention, can be made using established methods, formulas and through routine experimentation.

In one aspect of the invention, the drug can exhibit sustained release over time from the coating layer. This can be achieved by first establishing the relationship of release rate of a given drug for a given material of barrier layer in terms of thickness variation, drug solubility, concentration. In another aspect of the invention, the drug can exhibit intermittent release over time from the coating layer.

In yet another aspect of the invention, more than one drug can be released from the coating layer of the present invention. This aspect of the invention is depicted in FIG. 8 wherein different areas of the coating layer have different drugs provided in the drug reservoir layer. In the alternative, more than one drug can be provided in a single drug reservoir layer.

Contact Lens

In one preferred aspect of the present invention, the medical device includes a contact lens. Contact lenses that include a drug, on the surface of the contact lens or within the contact lens are known in the art. However, these contact lenses do not provide the structures of the present invention, such as the at least one coating that includes at least one drug reservoir layer that can include at least one drug, and at least one barrier layer that can include structures, wherein the release of the at least one drug from the at least one coating layer is modulated by

A variety of materials are known in the art for making contact lenses and are useful in the present invention. Preferred materials include, but are not limited to, acrylics, silicones, polyvinylalcohols, and combinations thereof.

There are a variety of general types of contact lenses known in the art and are useful in the present invention. Preferred general types of contact lenses include, but are not limited to hybrid lenses, hydrophilic lenses and hydrophilic lenses.

In addition, there are other general types of contact lenses known in the art and are useful in the present invention. These lenses include, but are not limited to spherical lenses, toric lenses, multifocal lenses, tinted lenses, corrective optical power lenses and lenses without corrective optical power.

There are a variety of methods used to make lenses that are useful in the present invention. Preferred methods of making, at least in part or in combination, contact lenses include, but are not limited to, lathing, cast molding, spin casting and ink jet printing.

Once a contact lens is manufactures, a variety of secondary or finishing operations can be utilized and are useful in the present invention. Preferred secondary or finishing operations include, but are not limited to edging, polishing, tinting, hydration, extraction, and sterilization.

In one aspect of the present invention, the at least one drug in an at least one coating layer can be provided on the surface of a contact lens. In another aspect of the present invention, the at least one drug in at least one coating layer can be provided within a contact lens. In another aspect of the present invention, the at least one drug can be provided inside a contact lens without the structures in an at least one coating layer in combination with at least one drug in at least one coating layer on the surface of a lens. In yet another aspect of the present invention, the at least one coating layer with at least one drug can be provided both on the surface of the lens and inside the lens.

In some cases, drugs provided within the at least one coating can have optical properties that can interfere with the optical function of the contact lens, such as drugs having coloring or opaqueness. Preferred drugs for use in the present invention do not have such optical properties, but that need not be the case as drugs having such optical properties are useful in the present invention.

In another aspect of the present invention, the one or more coatings can optionally dispersed therein nanoparticles having a particles size less than about 50 nm, a nanoencapsulated ophthalmic drug from which the ophthalmic drug is able to diffuse into and migration through the contact lens and into the post-lens tear film or towards the eyelid when the contact lens is placed on the eye, the nanoparticles being disperse within the contact lens or on at least one surface of the contact lens in an amount such that the lens optionally remains substantially optically transparent (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,638,137B2 to Chauhan et al., issued Dec. 29, 2009).

In another aspect of the present invention, the one or more coatings can optionally dispersed therein nanoparticles having a particles size less than about 50 nm, a nanoencapsulated ophthalmic drug from which the ophthalmic drug is able to diffuse away from and migrate away from the contact lens and into the post-lens tear film or towards the eyelid when the contact lens is placed on the eye, the nanoparticles being disperse within the contact lens or on at least one surface of the contact lens in an amount such that the lens optionally remains substantially optically transparent (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,638,137B2 to Chauhan et al., issued Dec. 29, 2009).

In yet another aspect of the present invention, when the at least one drug is provided with or without a drug delivery compositions as described herein, the at least one drug as provided with or without a drug delivery compositions is substantially optically transparent. However, this need not be the case. In one aspect of the present invention, when the at least one drug as provided with or without a drug delivery composition is substantially optically transparent or is not substantially optically transparent, the optical characteristics of the at least one drug, or other structures of the at least one coating layer, can be masked with opaque material or tinting, such as color tinting as is known in the art.

Packaging

The article of manufacture of the present invention can be provided in a variety for forms and packaging formats and solutions as present. Many of these packaging form and formats are established packaging formats, whereas others are unique to the present invention.

The article of manufacture of the present invention can be provided in a packaging in a dry state, preferably in a dehydrated state or a lyophilized state using methods know in the art. The article of manufacture of the present invention can also be provided in a packaging in a wet state, that is to say provided in an appropriate solution and, as appropriate, in a hydrated state.

The format of the packaging can be any as is appropriate. For example, the article of manufacture can be provided in packaging that is appropriate and normal for the article of manufacture, such as vials, other containers such as boxes or plastic containers, or in vials. Vials and blister packaging are preferable, but not necessary, for example, for contact lenses.

The solution present, if any, in a packaging format, in particular for a wet state packaging format can include the at least one drug present in the at least one coating layer, a different drug that that provided in the coating layer, or a combination thereof.

In one instance, the concentration of the drug in a packaging solution is less than the concentration of the drug in the coating layer. In that case, it is likely that the drug in the coating layer may migrate from the coating layer into the packaging layer and eventually reach a steady state equilibrium state, but that not be the case.

In another instance, the concentration of the drug in a packaging solution is equal to the concentration of the drug in the coating layer. In that case, it is likely that the drug in the packaging solution will be in steady state with the drug in the coating layer, but that need not be the case.

In the alternative, the concentration of the drug in the packaging solution is greater than the concentration of the drug in the coating layer. In that case, it is likely that the drug in the packaging solution would migrate into the coating layer and eventually reach a steady state equilibrium state, but that need not be the case.

In yet another instance, a drug provided in the packaging layer that is not present in the coating layer may be present. In that case, it is likely that the drug in the packaging solution would migrate into the contact lens and eventually reach a steady state equilibrium state, but that need not be the case.

II Methods of Making Medical Devices Including a Medicament

The present invention also includes a method of making an article of manufacture, comprising: a) providing a medical device including at least one surface; b) depositing one or more coatings on at least a portion of the at least one surface, wherein the one or more coatings includes; 1) at least one drug reservoir layer deposited at least in part by printing on the at least one surface, wherein the at least one drug reservoir layer comprises at least one drug; and 2) at least one barrier layer deposited at least in part by printing on at least a portion the at least one drug reservoir layer, wherein the at least one barrier layer includes one or more structures. Particular examples of this aspect of the invention are presented diagrammatically in FIG. 1 (see in particular steps 1 to 4).

The present invention also includes a method of making an article of manufacture, including: a) providing a medical device including at least one surface; b) depositing one or more coatings on at least a portion of the at least one surface, wherein the one or more coatings comprises; 1) at least one barrier or blocking layer deposited at least in part by printing on said at least one surface; and 2) at least one drug reservoir layer deposited at least in part by printing on said at least barrier layer, wherein said at least one drug reservoir layer comprises at least one drug. Particular examples of this aspect of the invention are presented diagrammatically in FIG. 7 steps A through C. Also as shown in FIG. 9, a blocking layer can be deposited inside a partially polymerized contact lens to achieve a unidirectional drug release.

Having discussed the particular structures of the present invention, what they are made of, how they are preferably made, how they interact, how they are assembled and how they are chosen based on their physical and chemical nature, and the like, the discussion now turns to how the article of manufacture is made, with exemplary and preferred examples later provided in the examples section.

Medical Device

First, a medical device is chosen on which a coating is to be provided. Essentially any medical device can be used in the present invention. The choice of the medical device is one within the skill of the ordinary artisan and the state of the art provides vast literature on a wide variety of medical devices and where they are to be implanted and which drugs would be useful to be provided with a coating of the present invention to treat or prevent any number of diseases, conditions or disorders that a subject may suffer from.

The medical device can be implantable or non-implantable as those terms are known in the art and have been previously discussed. In one preferred aspect of the present invention, the medical device includes a cardiac stent or joint replacement apparatus, or other implantable medical device. In another preferred aspect of the present invention, the medical device includes a contact lens or skin patch drug delivery medical device, or other non-implantable medical device.

Surface

The medical device presents a surface upon which a coating of the present invention is to be made. The surface of the medical device chosen is usually an inherent property of the medical device, but that need not be the case. The surface can be modified by any number of methods or techniques and known in the art and discussed herein, including chemical modification or physical modification.

In certain preferred aspects of the present invention, as discussed herein, the surface presented for the application of a coating of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, at least one metal, at least one plastic, at least one polymer, at least one partially polymerized polymer, at least one polymer matrix, at least one protein matrix, at least one silicone, at least one ceramic, at least one glass, at least one carbon containing compound, at least one fabric, or a combination thereof.

In other preferred aspects of the present invention, as discussed herein, the surface presented for the application of a coating of the present invention can be modified by a variety of methods before a coating of the present invention is applied thereto. Preferred surface modification methods include but are not limited to one or more chemical processes or one or more physical processes. Preferred chemical processes include, but are not limited to, chemical coating, chemical cleaning, chemical texture modification, chemical or electrochemical activation or creation of reactive groups on or within said at least one surface, application of one or more chemicals to said at least one surface, and combinations thereof. Preferred physical processes include but are not limited to, etching, scoring, spraying of materials on the surface, sputtering of materials on the surface, corona treatment, and combinations thereof.

Drug Reservoir Layer

The coating of the present invention includes a drug reservoir layer, which includes at least one drug for later release into or onto a subject at the locus where the medical device is provided to a subject. The drug reservoir layer is preferably provided directly on at least a portion of the surface of a medical device as discussed herein and is the first component of the coating of the present invention. However, at least one barrier layer may be provided before an at least one drug reservoir layer in certain aspects of the invention where the direction of release of a drug from a coating of the present invention is desired, (see, FIG. 7) such as the case where a medical device presents multiple surfaces for release of a drug from a coating of the present invention, such as, for example, contact lenses where the drug can be released towards the eye, towards the eyelid, or both.

The drug reservoir layer can be made of any appropriate material or combination of materials, and the choice of material is generally within the skill of the art as influenced by a variety of factors, including but not limited to the printing method to be used to provide the drug reservoir layer, the size, thickness an shape of the drug receiving layer desired, the physical and chemical properties desired for the drug reservoir as influenced by the chemical and physical characteristics of the drug provided in the drug receiving layer such that the drug can be released at a desired rate, and the like.

Preferred materials for the drug receiving layer include, but are not limited to, at least one polymer, at least one partially polymerized polymer, at least one polymer matrix, at least one protein matrix, at least one silicone, at least one ceramic, at least one glass, at least one carbon containing compound, at least one fabric or a combination thereof. Other preferred materials include, but are not limited to, derivatized oligomers, such as but not limited to, HEMA, DMA, GMA, PVA, silicone and siloxane, or combinations thereof.

In certain aspects of the present invention, during the printing process used to make the drug reservoir layer, a non-polymerized or partially polymerized printing formulation, which can include at least one drug, is applied to the surface. In that instance, the non-polymerized or partially polymerized formulation is to be polymerized or otherwise cured to stabilize the drug receiving layer and, in certain aspects of the invention, serves to entrap or otherwise localize a drug in the drug reservoir layer for later release therefrom (see, FIG. 3). Preferred methods for polymerizing or curing a drug reservoir when needed or desirable include, but not limited to, at least one UV curing or polymerization, at least one thermal curing or polymerization, at least one room temperature curing or polymerization, at least one simultaneous printing and curing or polymerization, at least one e-beam curing or polymerization, or combinations thereof.

In certain aspects of the present invention, the drug reservoir layer is bonded to, permanently bonded to, or is not bonded to the surface. In this instance, reactive groups on the surface or the drug receiving layer may chemically or physically interact to form chemical bonds, such as covalent bonds, or physical bonds, such as short range interactions, such as but not limited to hydrogen bonds, van der Walls interactions, hydrophobic interactions, hydrophilic interactions, ionic interactions and the like. The formation of these chemical or physical interactions is dependent upon the chemical nature of the surface and the drug reservoir layer and can be determined by the artisan based on based on the state of the art.

In another aspect of the present invention, as discussed herein, the drug receiving layer can release a drug in one or more directions. In certain cases, the drug receiving layer, based on the nature of the medical device and surface, can release a drug only in one direction as the surface will prevent, or block, the release of drug in one direction as the drug is not able to substantially migrate into the surface or medical devices based on the material presented. As discussed herein, a blocking layer may be provided to prevent a drug from migrating in one direction. As discussed herein, a drug may be released in more that one direction, such as the case of contact lenses. Certain preferred configurations of this aspect of the invention are exemplified in FIG. 7.

Drug Receiving Layer

In one aspect of the present invention, the at least one drug reservoir includes an at least one drug receiving layer. In this aspect of the present invention, the drug receiving layer is printed on the surface, as the drug reservoir layer with at least one drug is as described herein, and an at least one drug is provided to said at least one drug receiving layer to form a drug reservoir layer. The drug is provided to the drug receiving layer my any appropriate method, such as by printing as described herein, but other methods of proving a drug to a drug receiving layer can be used, such as, but not limited to, soaking, dipping and spin coating. As with other layers of the coating of the present invention, the drug receiving layer can be made of any appropriate material or combination of materials, and the choice of material is generally within the skill of the art as influenced by a variety of factors, including but not limited to the printing method to be used to provide the drug receiving layer, the size, thickness an shape of the drug receiving layer desired, the physical and chemical properties desired for the drug reservoir as influenced by the chemical and physical characteristics of the drug provided in the drug receiving layer such that the drug can be released at a desired rate, and the like.

In one aspect of the present invention, the at least one drug reservoir layer includes a chemical coating applied to the surface. In the alternative, the at least one drug receiving layer is applied to another layer that has been previously applied to the surface, such as, but not limited to, a barrier layer to produce a coating layer that released a drug in a particular directions from the coating as described herein.

In another aspect of the present invention, the printing formulation used to print the drug receiving layer can include materials, such as chemicals, to allow for the polymerization or curing of the printed drug reservoir layer, and in certain instances, to allow for the tailoring of the physical characteristics of the drug receiving layer that affect the release of the drug therefrom as described herein, such as, but not limited to porosity, diffusion rate of a drug, and the like. The materials used to obtain these objectives include, but are not limited to bonding agents, cross linking agents, or a combination thereof. The use of bonding agents, cross linking agents, or combinations thereof to provide materials with desirable physical characteristics for the present invention are known in the art and are replete in the literature and adaptation to the present invention can be made using experimentation or mathematical modeling.

In one preferred aspect of the present invention, the drug receiving layer includes a highly absorbent polymer. Preferred highly absorbent polymers include, but are not limited to, at least one polyvinylpyrrolidine homopolymer, at least one polyvinylpyrrolidone copolymer, at least one polyacrylamide homopolymer, at least one polyacrylamide copolymer, at least one polyacrylate homopolymer, at least one polyacrylate copolymer, at least one proteinaceous material, at least one carbohydrate, or a combination thereof.

The drug reservoir can be applied to a surface or desired location using any appropriate method or means as described herein or as known in the art. Preferred methods or means include but are not limited to, direct coating, application of droplets or microdroplets, ink jet printing, soaking, impregnation, spin coating, drip coating, screen coating, silk screen coating, pad printing, or a combination thereof.

Drug

As discussed previously, the at least one drug reservoir layer of the at least one coating of the present invention includes at least one drug provided therein such that the at least one drug can be released from the at least one coating. In general, the choice of drugs to be provided in the coating layer are a matter of choice for the artisan, and there is a vast body of literature, both patent and not patent, available to the artisan to identify drugs that are effective to treat or prevent an disease, disorder or condition.

The drug can be provided in the coating in an amount sufficient such that when the drug is released from the coating it is provided in a therapeutically effective amount for the route of administration and location of the medical device of the present invention within or on the subject. The physical characteristics of the coating of the present invention as discussed herein, such as, but not limited to, pore size and water content, can be taken into account when considering what concentration of drug to be provided in the coating of the present invention such that the appropriate amount of drug is released from the coating of the present invention.

As discussed herein, a medical device of the present invention is provided within or on a subject such that the drug is released at a particular locus rather than systemically as with other drug delivery methods, such as through injection or oral administration. This allows for the drug to be delivered at a particular location and preferably at a lower or more precise dose than would otherwise be obtainable. The focused delivery of a drug by the medical device of the present invention also would reduce the instance of side effects of drugs that more systemic routs of administration would be characterized because the total body load of a drug in a subject would be greatly reduced compared to more systemic administration of a drug.

As discussed herein, the location of the drug delivery device is determinable by the nature of the medical device and the disease, disorder or condition to be prevented or treated. For example, implantable cardiac stents would be provided in blood vessels as is the normal course of treatment, and contact lenses would normally be provided on the eye, but this need not be the case.

The drug can be provided with the coating layer of the present invention, or released from the coating layer of the present invention in a variety of forms. In one aspect of the present invention, the drug is provided in the coating layer or released from the coating layer at least in part as a sole active ingredient without any other ingredient association that can alter the activity or deliverability of said at least one drug. That is to say, the drug is provided or released in a free state and not associated with other chemical entities, such as drug delivery chemical entities as described herein or known in the art.

In the alternative, the drug is provided in the coating layer or released from the coating layer at least in part in at least one encapsulated form, at least one micro-encapsulated form, at least one nano-encapsulated form, in at least one emulsion, in at least one water-in-oil emulsion, in at least one oil-in-water emulsion, or in at least one liposome, or a combination thereof, as described herein or as known in the art.

As described herein the drug provided in the coating layer or released therefrom can be virtually any drug, including but not limited to small molecule drugs or biological drugs as they are known in the art. There is a vast body of literature, both patent literature and non-patent literature for these types of drugs. A comprehensive list is beyond the scope of this document. Preferred classes of drugs are provided herein, and include, but are not limited to, at least one anti-inflammatory drug, at least one anti-allergy drug, at least one antibiotic drug, at least one drug for the treatment of glaucoma, at least one drug for the treatment of macular degeneration, at least one ophthalmic drug, at least one hydrophilic drug, at least one hydrophobic drug, at least one anti-parasitic drug, at least one steroid drug, at least one medicament for the treatment of dry eye and at least one medicament for treatment of eye discomfort, or a combination thereof.

In one preferred aspect of the present invention, the drug is provided in a coating layer or released from the coating layer in an at least one encapsulated form. Preferred encapsulation materials are discussed herein and are known in the art, and include, but are not limited to at least one biodegradable polycyanoacrylate, at least one biodegradable poly(alkylcyanoacrylates), at least one biodegradable calcium phosphate, at least one legumin, at least one polysaccharides drafted with polyesters (amphyphilic copolymers), at least one poly(methylidene malonate), at least one gelatin, at least one poly(E-caprolactone), at least one sodium alginate, at least one agarose hydrogel, at least one PMMA, at least one biotinylated poly(ethylene glycol) conjugated with lactobionic acid, at least one poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel, at least one biotinylated pullulan acetate, at least one dibloc copolymers and combinations thereof.

In another preferred aspect of the present invention, the polycyanoacrulate are those disclosed herein or known in the art, including but not limited to, at least one polybutylcyanoacrylate, at least one polyhexylcyanoacrylate, at least one polyethyl-cyano-acrylate, at least one polyisobutylcyanoacrylate and combinations thereof.

In one preferred aspect of the present invention, the drug is provided in a coating layer or released from the coating layer in a nanoencapsulated form with a least one encapsulation material in nanoparticles, a least one oil-in-water emulsion, at least one water-in-oil emulsion or at least one liposome material, or a combination thereof. The nanoparticles, when present, can be any disclosed herein or described in the art, including but not limited to, chitosan nanparticle, human serum albumin nanoparticle; silica nanospheres, PEG'ylated core-shell nanoparticles, biodegradable PGGA (poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) particles, PLA (poly lactic acid), PGA, PLG (poly-(D,L-glycolide) polymeric nanoparticles, biocompatible gliadin nanoparticles, low pH sensitive PEG stabilized plasmid-lipid nanoparticles, tocopherol derivatives stabilized nano-sized emulsion particles, PLA-PEG nanoparticles, nanoparticles composed of hydrophilic proteins coupled with apolipoprotein E, biodegradable poly(vesiln-caprolactone) nanoparticles, biotinylated poly(ethylene glycol) conjugated with lactobionic acid, carboxylmethyl dextran magnetic nanoparticles and combinations thereof.

Barrier Layer

The coating of the present invention includes at least one barrier. The barrier layer is preferably provided directly on at least a portion of the at least one drug reservoir layer the second component of the coating of the present invention. However, at least one barrier layer may be provided before an at least one drug reservoir layer in certain aspects of the invention where the direction of release of a drug from a coating of the present invention is desired, such as the case where a medical device presents multiple surfaces for release of a drug from a coating of the present invention, such as, for example, contact lenses where the drug can be released towards the eye, towards the eyelid, or both.

The drug barrier layer can be made of any appropriate material or combination of materials, and the choice of material is generally within the skill of the art as influenced by a variety of factors, including but not limited to the printing method to be used to provide the drug reservoir layer, the size, thickness an shape of the drug receiving layer desired, the physical and chemical properties desired for the drug reservoir as influenced by the chemical and physical characteristics of the drug provided in the drug receiving layer such that the drug can be released at a desired rate, and the like.

Preferred materials for the barrier layer include, but are not limited to, at least one polymer, at least one partially polymerized polymer, at least one polymer matrix, at least one protein matrix, at least one silicone, at least one ceramic, at least one glass, at least one carbon containing compound, at least one fabric or a combination thereof. Other preferred materials include, but are not limited to, derivatized oligomers, such as but not limited to, HEMA, DMA, GMA, PVA, silicone and siloxane, or combinations thereof

In certain aspects of the present invention, during the printing process used to make the barrier, a non-polymerized or partially polymerized printing formulation, is applied to the surface. In that instance, the non-polymerized or partially polymerized formulation is to be polymerized or otherwise cured to stabilize the barrier layer and, in certain aspects of the invention. Preferred methods for polymerizing or curing a drug reservoir when needed or desirable include, but not limited to, at least one UV curing or polymerization, at least one thermal curing or polymerization, at least one room temperature curing or polymerization, at least one simultaneous printing and curing or polymerization, at least one e-beam curing or polymerization, or combinations thereof.

In one preferred aspect of the present invention, the barrier layer includes structures, particularly structures that can modulate the release of a drug from the drug reservoir layer and the coating layer. The figures provide examples of such structures, and preferred structures include, but are not limited to capillary structures. These structures can be readily made using the printing methods of the present invention, and the size, shape and spacing can be chosen based on a variety of factors discussed herein, including but not limited to the chemical and physical characteristics of the drug passing through the barrier layer upon being released from the drug reservoir layer, the material that the barrier layer is made of, and the resolution of the printing technique used to make the barrier layer.

As discussed herein, the at least one drug does not substantially pass through the barrier layer, but rather the barrier layer serves to modulate the release of the drug from the coating of the present invention.

Printing

One aspect of the present invention is that the various components of the at least one coating are preferable made using at least one printing technology. The components of the coating include, but are not limited a variety of layers, including but not limited to, and may not include all of the listed components, at least one drug reservoir layer, at least one drug receiving layer, and at least one barrier layer. The same or different printing technologies can be used to make the various components. Likewise, one or more printing technologies can be used to make a particular component. The printing of the various components, or layers, preferably uses a printing formulation of the present invention, but that need not be the case. Printing formations of the present invention are described in further detail herein.

A wide variety of printing technologies are applicable to providing the various layers of the coating of the present invention. The choice of which printing technology to use is a matter of choice for the skilled artisan based on the particular size, shape, thickness, printing resolution and other characteristics of the layer being provided. One skilled in the art would have available technical literature to match the desired characteristics of the layer to be printed with the characteristics, benefits and limitations of a printing technology. Likewise, one skilled in the art would be able to match a printing formation used to make a layer of the present invention with a particular printing technology, and the desired characteristics of the layer to be printed as well.

The characteristics of the printing formulation being used to make the layer, such as, but not limited to the viscosity and surface tension of the printing formation. Also, the nature of the printing device in combination with the printing formation is a factor to consider, such as the case when a printing technology, such as but not limited to ink jet printing technology utilize printing structures that may require relatively stringent physical and chemical characteristics of the printing solution such that the printing formulation does not clog or otherwise damage or interfere with the printing device.

In addition, as some of the layers are printed in liquid or semi-solid form and then transformed into a solid or semi-solid form by, for example but not limited to polymerization or partial polymerization, the characteristics of the printing liquid or semi-solid is to be taken into account. As a preferred aspect of the present invention, the compositions of Doshi et al., published U.S. application No. 2008/0062381A1, published Mar. 13, 2008, are applicable, particularly when the pigment is optionally present in such formulations, and at least one drug is optionally provided in such formulations.

Preferred printing methods are digital in nature, such as those described by Doshi et al. (U.S. 2008/0062381A1) which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, such that they allow for a relatively highly precise method and means to provide a high quality and well defined print product. As the method and associated device are digital in nature, the printing process is adaptable for computer control and product design. Preferred digital printing methods and structures are discussed herein. As a non-limiting introduction to digital printing methods and devices, the following digital printing methods are preferred: ink jet printing, three dimensional printing (3D printing), piezo printing, thermal printing, laser printing MEMS printing, wherein the printing head or related or associated structures are rotatable or non-rotatable. Generally, but not exclusively, a printing solution of the present invention replaces the ink solution of existing and commercially available printing devices, in particular within the printing cartridge.

Likewise, preferred printing methods include pad printing as those methods are known in the art, including but not limited to pad transfer printing. Pad printing is not as exact as digital printing, but is a preferred method of printing for the present invention. Pad printing is known in the art for printing of images of the iris of the eye on contact lenses (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,414,477, 5,302,978, and 4,668,240).

Ink jet printing is known in the art and can take various forms and associated structures as are discussed herein. Generally, ink jet printing refers to printing devices and methods that utilize highly precise printing methods and structures that allow for the production of high quality and precise structures. Generally, available ink jet printing devices and structures can be utilized with minimal modification, with the ink solutions normally present in the ink jet cartridge or reservoir is replaced with a solution that includes a polymerizable monomer and associated polymerization initiators as needed. The polymerizable monomer can be polymerized at will and at a rapid rate after being dispensed from the ink jet printing structure.

Three dimensional printing is based primarily, but not exclusively, on ink jet printing technologies. These methods and devices allow for the generation of one-off or multiple copies of a structure or structures. Generally, a polymerizable solutions is placed within the printing device and is dispensed under computer control and polymerized in repeated printing cycles or steps to generate a three dimensional structure. Examples of available and preferred 3D printing devices and related structures and cartridges include, but are not limited to: 3D Systems (www.3dsystems.com/default.asp) (Mar. 29, 2011), ProJet™ 6000 Professional 3D Printer (http://printin3d.com/sites/printin3d.com/files/downloads/Projet_6000_brochure_USEN.pdf) (Mar. 29, 2011); Stratasys, Inc. (http://www.stratasys.com/); Fortus 3D Production Systems—Fortus 900mc; Z Corporation (www.zcorp.com); Zprinter® 650 (http://www.zcorp.com/en/Products/3D-Printers/ZPrinter-650/spage.aspx) Vertical Resolution—90 to 100 microns (0.0035 to 0.004 in) Smallest Feature—100 microns (0.004 in); 3D Systems (http://www.3dsystems.com/default.asp); and Viper si2™ SLA® System http://www.3dsystems.com/products/datafiles/viper/datasheets Viper_final_rev_0303.pdf.

Piezo printing is a subtype of ink jet printing that is a preferable printing method of the present invention. Examples of available and preferred piezo printing devices and related structures and cartridges include, but are not limited to: MicroFab Technologies, Inc. (www.microfab.com) (Mar. 29, 2011); Jetlab® 4×1, 4×1-A ((http://www.microfab.com/equipment/pdf/jetlab4×1_xla.pdf) (Mar. 29, 2011); X−Y Accuracy/Repeatability−+/−25 microns/+/−5 microns (4×1-A); O.N.E Technologies (www.onelabs.com) (Mar. 29, 2011); Material Deposition Systems (www.onelabs.com/matdep00.htm) (Mar. 29, 2011), Resolution as low as 0.2 nanometer; Multi-Axis Printing Systems (www.onelabs.com/maxp00.htm) (Mar. 29, 2011); FujiFilm USA|Dimatix, Inc. (http://www.dimatix.com/index.asp) (Mar. 29, 2011); Dimatix Materials Printer DMP-5000 (http://www.dimatix.com/files/DMP-5000-Datasheet.pdf) (Mar. 29, 2011) X−Y Accuracy/Repeatability−+/−5 microns/+/−1 microns; Mimaki J F Series (http://www.mimakiusa.com) (Apr. 1, 2011) Model JFI610 or JF 1631 (http://www.mimakiusa.com/IndustrialProduct.aspx?level=3&pid=3&cid=14) (Apr. 1, 2011), resolution up to 1200 by 1200 dpi.

Thermal printing is a subtype of ink jet printing that is a preferable printing method of the present invention. Examples of thermal printing devices and related structures and cartridges include, but are not limited to: Hewlett Packard (www.hp.com) (Apr. 1, 2011); HP Designjet H45000 Printer Series http://www.hp.com/united-states/colorspan/djh45000-datasheet.pdf (Apr. 1, 2011).

Laser printing is a subtype of ink jet printing that is a preferable printing method of the present invention. Examples of laser printing devices and related structures and cartridges include, but are not limited to those known in the art such as Xerox Phaser 6010 laser printer http://www.xerox.ca/office/printers/colour-printers/phaser-6010/spec-enca.html or HP Color LaserJet Enterprise CP4025 Printer series—HP Color LaserJet Enterprise CP4025dn Printer (CC490A) http://h0010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/us/en/sm/WF06b/18972-18972-3328060-15077-236268-3965792-3965795-3974244.html, or those later developed.

Optionally, a printing device, such as but not limited to an ink jet printing device, can include a rotating printer head. These types of printing structure can allow for enhanced printing on curved surfaces.

Another preferred printing method is MEMS printing is based on technologies that allow for the printing of integrated circuit boards, but are applicable to the production of very small structures that have functionality. Examples of structures having functionality made by MEMS printing include mechanical gears and other mechanical devices, lab on a chip structures for the performance of laboratory procedures including chemical reactions and diagnostic procedures.

Another preferred printing method is MEMS printing and is based on technologies that allow for the printing of integrated circuit boards, but are applicable to the production of very small structures that have functionality. Examples of structures having functionality made by MEMS printing include mechanical gears and other mechanical devices, lab on a chip structures for the performance of laboratory procedures including chemical reactions and diagnostic procedures.

Printable Formulation

Printable formulations useful in the present invention for printing of layers or structures of the present invention using printing technologies as discussed herein and known in the art, particularly digital printing methods and technologies, can optionally include one or more drugs, any single drug compound or composition, or any combination of drug compounds or compositions. Printable formulations can be provided in water, monomer or solvents, preferably at a concentration between about 0% and greater than about 99.5% or between about 0.001% and about 99.5%, preferably between about 0.005% and about 90% or between about 1% and about 80%, and more preferably between about 10% and about 60% or between about 20% and about 40%. Printable formulations can also include particles or particulates, preferably at a concentration of between about 0% and about 15% or between about 0.001% and about 10%, preferably between about 0.005% and about 4% or between about 1% and about 3% to render a digitally printed formulation optionally with at least one drug. Examples of drugs include, but are not limited to, Timolol, Gentamycin and Nevanac. As discussed herein, the characteristics and compositions including printable formulations and other components include printable formulations that are or become part of an article of manufacture of the present invention, such as a lens, such as a contact lens, and also include compositions that include at least one printable formulations that can be used to make any article of manufacture of the present invention.

Printable formulations can include water, monomer, polymer or an appropriate solvent in order for the printable formulations to be suitable in the making of a digital print. An appropriate solvent is a solvent that is compatible with the creation of a print such as a digital print on or within a surface, such as on or within a polymer. For example, solvents appropriate for polymers used to make lenses, such as contact lenses, include, but are not limited to isopropanol, water, acetone or methanol, either alone or in combination and can include a monomer. Appropriate concentrations of solvents are between about 0% and greater than about 99.5% or between about 0.1% and about 99.5%, preferably between about 1% and about 90% or between about 10% and about 80%, and more preferably between about 20% and about 70% or between about 30% and about 60%. Different polymers, monomers and printable formulations have different tolerances and reactivity to different solvents. Thus, appropriate matches between solvent and polymer, monomer and printable formulations can be considered. For hydrogel polymers, adjustment in swelling ratios may be achieved with a variety of concentrations of solvents or crosslinkers.

A printable formulation can also include a monomer, polymer, homopolymer, heteropolymer, or copolymer. In a preferred aspect of this aspect of the present invention, a printable formulation includes a monomer that can be polymerized to form a polymer using polymerization methods appropriate for a given monomer, mixtures thereof, or polymers, or mixtures thereof. Monomers can also be used to decrease the viscosity of the printable formulation. Alternatively, the printable formulation can include a polymer such that the viscosity of the printable formulation is increased. Alternatively, the printable formulation can include polymer and monomer. Appropriate concentrations of monomers are between about 5% and greater than 99%, preferably between about 25% and about 75%, and more preferably between about 35% and about 60%. Appropriate concentrations of polymers are between about 0% and about 50%, preferably between about 5% and about 25%, and more preferably between about 10% and about 20%. When monomers and polymers are mixed, the total concentration of monomer and polymer are between about 10% and greater than 99%, preferably between about 25% and about 75% and more preferably between about 35% and about 65%.

The viscosity of a solution including a printable formulation can be as high as between about 500 centipoise and about 5,000 centipoise and is preferably between about 1 to about 200 centipoise or between about 10 and about 80 centipoise, preferably between about 20 and about 70 centipoise or between about 30 and about 60 centipoise or between about 1 and about 10 centipoise. Solutions having low viscosity tend to be “runny” when dispensed, and can allow different colors to merge and blend, resulting in an image with a more natural appearance. Such blending can be enhanced using a variety of methods, including sonication or vibration at appropriate duration and frequency to promote appropriate blending. Solutions having too low a viscosity can result in images that are too “runny” and thus have potentially undesirable characteristics, such as pooling of a printable formulation in a digitally encoded image or spreading of a printable formulation to an unintended location. Solutions having too high a viscosity may be easily dispensed using pad printing but are not suitable for other printing. Furthermore, solutions having high viscosity can tend to “bead” on a surface and not blend with the surrounding environment, including surrounding droplets or beads of printing formulation. Agents such as thickeners or diluents (including appropriate solvents) can be used to adjust the viscosity of the printable formulation.

Alternatively, one may use drug receiving layer that holds inkjetted digital droplets in its place until fixed. Another approach can be to use printable formulations that uses derivatized oligomer to be able to stop it from running by instant curing. Both of these approaches are discussed herein.

A printable formulation that includes at least one monomer can also include a polymerization initiator, so that once a printable formulation that includes at least one type of monomer is dispensed, the polymerization of the monomer in the printable formulation is initiated. The number, type and amount of initiator is a matter of choice depending on the type of monomer or monomers in the printable formulation. Appropriate initiators include, but are not limited to, UV initiators that initiate polymerization by UV irradiation, thermal initiators that initiate polymerization by thermal energy.

A printable formulation can also include a dispersant to allow uniform composition of formulation in a container. Dispersants are preferably provided at an appropriate concentration, such as between about 1% and about 10%.

A printable formulation can also include at least one anti-microbial agent or antiseptic agent to kill or reduce the number or multiplication microbial agents, reduce the number of microbial agents, or keep microbial agents from multiplying. Preferred anti-microbial agents include anti-bacterial agents, anti-fungal agents and disinfectants. Preferably, such anti-microbial agents, anti-bacterial agents, anti-fungal agents and disinfectants are provided at an appropriate concentration such as between about 0% and about 1%.

A printable formulation can also include at least one humectant such as 1,3-diozane-5,5-dimethanol (U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,132) at an appropriate concentration. Preferably, the range of concentration of a humectant is between about 0% and about 2%.

A printable formulation can also include at least one antioxidant agent or a low corrosion agent, such as alkylated hydroquinone, at an appropriate concentration, such as between about 0.1% and about 1% (U.S. Pat. No. 4,793,264). A PF can also include a non-kogating agent or non-kogating agent, such as 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol at an appropriate concentration, such as between about 0% and about 1%. A printable formulation can also include an evaporation retarding agent, such as, for example, diethylene glycerol or ethylene glycol at between about 0% and about 2% (U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,132).

A preferred printable formulation can have the following composition:

Component Percentage Monomer 0% to 99% Drug or Encapsulated Drug 0% to 25% Initiator 0.01% to 2%    Solvent 0% to 80% Binder or Bonding Agent 0% to 10% Thickener 0% to 1%  Anti-kogating Agent 0% to 1%  Humectant 0% to 1%  Surfactant 0% to 10% Cross-linker 0% to 1%  Dispersant 0% to 10%

Modulation of Release of Drug

As previously discussed, the combination of the layers and components of the coating of the present invention serve to modulate the release of at least one drug from the coating, first from the drug reservoir layer into the barrier layer, and from the barrier layer to outside the barrier layer.

A variety of physical and chemical forces influence the modulation of the release of a drug from a coating of the present invention. These include, but are not limited to diffusion characteristics of at least one layer of a coating of the present invention or the coating itself, capillary action characteristics of at least one layer of a coating of the present invention or the coating itself, mass action characteristics of at least one layer of a coating of the present invention or the coating itself, concentration gradient of a drug in at least one layer of a coating of the present invention or the coating itself, solubility of a drug characteristics of at least one layer in a coating of the present invention or the coating itself, temperature, molecular weight of a drug, size of a drug, encapsulation structures for a drug, thickness of at least one layer of a coating of the present invention or the coating itself, porosity of at least one layer of a coating of the present invention or the coating itself, the pore size of at least one layer of a coating of the present invention or the coating itself, the molecular exclusion size or characteristics of at least one layer of a coating of the present invention or the coating itself, the water content of at least one layer of the coating of the present invention or the coating itself, the concentration of a drug in at least one layer of a coating of the present invention or the coating itself, the concentration gradient of a drug in at least one layer of a coating of the present invention or the coating itself, and the packaging environment presented to the coating of the present invention.

In one aspect of the present invention, the at least one drug has sustained release over time. This aspect of the present invention is described in further detail in Example 9 herein. In another aspect of the present invention, the at least one drug has intermittent release over time. This aspect of the present invention is described in further detail in Example #9 herein. In yet another aspect of the present invention, more than one drug is released at a time. This aspect of the present invention is described in further detail in Example 9 herein.

Contact Lens

In one preferred aspect of the present invention, the medical device having a coating being made includes a contact lens. Contact lenses that include a drug, on the surface of the contact lens or within the contact lens are known in the art. However, these contact lenses do not provide the structures of the present invention, such as the at least one coating that includes at least one drug reservoir layer that can include at least one drug, and at least one barrier layer that can include structures, wherein the release of the at least one drug from the at least one coating layer is modulated by at least one layer of the coating of the present, either alone or in combination.

The choice of printing technologies used to make the various layers of the coating of the present invention, including the coating layer as a whole, is a choice for the artisan based on the state of the art and the teachings provided herein, as well as an evaluation of the various factors to consider when choosing a printing technology to produce a structure having desired chemical and physical properties, along with a consideration of the printing formation to be used.

A variety of materials are known in the art for making contact lenses and are useful in the present invention. Preferred materials include, but are not limited to, acrylics, silicones, polyvinylalcohols, and combinations thereof. These materials are provided on the surface of the contact lens to be modified using the methods of the present invention.

There are a variety of general types of contact lenses known in the art and are useful in the present invention. Preferred general types of contact lenses include, but are not limited to hybrid lenses, hydrophilic lenses and hydrophilic lenses. These types of contact lenses provide a surface of the contact lens to be modified using the methods of the present invention.

In addition, there are other general types of contact lenses known in the art and are useful in the present invention. These lenses include, but are not limited to spherical lenses, toric lenses, multifocal lenses, tinted lenses, corrective optical power lenses and lenses without corrective optical power. These types of contact lenses provide a surface of the contact lens to be modified using the methods of the present invention

There are a variety of methods used to make lenses that are useful in the present invention. Preferred methods of making, at least in part or in combination, contact lenses include, but are not limited to, lathing, cast molding, spin casting and ink jet printing. These contact lenses provide a surface of the contact lens to be modified using the methods of the present invention

Once a contact lens is manufactured, a variety of secondary or finishing operations can be utilized and are useful in the present invention. Preferred secondary or finishing operations include, but are not limited to edging, polishing, tinting, hydration, extraction, and sterilization. These secondary or finishing operations can optionally take place before or after the contact lens is modified by a method of the present invention, or both.

In one aspect of the present invention, the at least one drug in an at least one coating layer can be provided on the surface of a contact lens. In another aspect of the present invention, the at least one drug in at least one coating layer can be provided within a contact lens. In another aspect of the present invention, the at least one drug can be provided inside a contact lens without the structures in an at least one coating layer in combination with at least one drug in at least one coating layer on the surface of a lens. In yet another aspect of the present invention, the at least one coating layer with at least one drug can be provided both on the surface of the lens and inside the lens.

In some cases, drugs provided within the at least one coating can have optical properties that can interfere with the optical function of the contact lens, such as drugs having coloring or opaqueness. Preferred drugs for use in the present invention do not have such optical properties, but that need not be the case as drugs having such optical properties are useful in the present invention.

In another aspect of the present invention, the one or more coatings can optionally dispersed therein nanoparticles having a particles size less than about 50 nm, a nanoencapsulated ophthalmic drug from which the ophthalmic drug is able to diffuse into and migration through the contact lens and into the post-lens tear film or towards the eyelid when the contact lens is placed on the eye, the nanoparticles being disperse within the contact lens or on at least one surface of the contact lens in an amount such that the lens optionally remains substantially optically transparent (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,638,137B2 to Chauhan et al., issued Dec. 29, 2009).

In another aspect of the present invention, the one or more coatings can optionally dispersed therein nanoparticles having a particles size less than about 50 nm, a nanoencapsulated ophthalmic drug from which the ophthalmic drug is able to diffuse away from and migrate away from the contact lens and into the post-lens tear film or towards the eyelid when the contact lens is placed on the eye, the nanoparticles being disperse within the contact lens or on at least one surface of the contact lens in an amount such that the lens optionally remains substantially optically transparent (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,638,137B2 to Chauhan et al., issued Dec. 29, 2009).

In yet another aspect of the present invention, when the at least one drug is provided with or without a drug delivery compositions as described herein, the at least one drug as provided with or without a drug delivery compositions is substantially optically transparent. However, this need not be the case. In one aspect of the present invention, when the at least one drug as provided with or without a drug delivery composition is substantially optically transparent or is not substantially optically transparent, the optical characteristics of the at least one drug, or other structures of the at least one coating layer, can be masked with opaque material or tinting, such as color tinting as is known in the art.

Packaging

An article of manufacture made by a method of the present invention can be provided in a variety for forms and packaging formats and solutions as present. Many of these packaging form and formats are established packaging formats, whereas others are unique to the present invention.

The article of manufacture made by a method of the present invention can be provided in a packaging in a dry state, preferably in a dehydrated state or a lyophilized state using methods know in the art. The article of manufacture made by a method of the present invention can also be provided in a packaging in a wet state, that is to say provided in an appropriate solution and, as appropriate, in a hydrated state.

The format of the packaging can be any as is appropriate. For example, the article of manufacture made by a method of the present invention can be provided in packaging that is appropriate and normal for the article of manufacture, such as vials, other containers such as boxes or plastic containers, or in vials. Vials and blister packaging are preferable, but not necessary, for example, for contact lenses.

The solution present, if any, in a packaging format, in particular for a wet state packaging format can include the at least one drug present in the at least one coating layer, a different drug that that provided in the coating layer, or a combination thereof.

In one instance, the concentration of the drug in a packaging solution is less than the concentration of the drug in the coating layer. In that case, it is likely that the drug in the coating layer may migrate from the coating layer into the packaging layer and eventually reach a steady state equilibrium state, but that not be the case.

In another instance, the concentration of the drug in a packaging solution is equal to the concentration of the drug in the coating layer. In that case, it is likely that the drug in the packaging solution will be in steady state with the drug in the coating layer, but that need not be the case.

In the alternative, the concentration of the drug in the packaging solution is greater than the concentration of the drug in the coating layer. In that case, it is likely that the drug in the packaging solution would migrate into the coating layer and eventually reach a steady state equilibrium state, but that need not be the case.

In yet another instance, a drug provided in the packaging layer that is not present in the coating layer may be present. In that case, it is likely that the drug in the packaging solution would migrate into the contact lens and eventually reach a steady state equilibrium state, but that need not be the case.

III Methods of Using Lenses Including a Medicament

The present invention includes method of treating or preventing a disease, disorder or condition or condition including: a) providing a subject in need of treatment of said disease, disorder or condition; and b) providing the subject the article of manufacture of the present invention, optionally made using the methods of the present invention, at a location appropriate for the treatment of said disease, disorder or condition; wherein the article of manufacture releases the one or more drugs in an amount sufficient to treat or prevent said disease, disorder or condition.

The article of manufacture of the present invention, its components and a compositions along with their desirable characteristics and selection criteria, how they are arranged and function together, and what criteria can be utilized to select and arrange them for a particular article of manufacture for a particular purpose, have been described herein. In addition, the methods of manufacture of the article of manufacture of the present invention, along with the manufacture of the coating layer and its various components, including but not limited to the drug reservoir layer, the drug receiving layer, and the barrier layer and structures provided therein, along with the printing formulations and printing technologies used to make them and the physical characteristics of the modulation of drug release therefrom, along with the criteria for selecting them for the manufacture of an article of manufacture for a particular purpose have also been described herein. The criteria for the selection of a drug, including for what purpose it is to be used for, its physical characteristics, its concentration, release characteristics and modulation thereof, have also been described herein.

An article of manufacture of the present invention, optionally made by a method of the present invention, tailored for the treatment or prevention of a particular disease, disorder or condition, and the drug has been selected and provided for in the article of manufacture such that the release characteristics have been evaluated based on the desired dose, regime, route of administration and locus of administration, and the pharmacological characteristics of the drug is provided. The drug has preferably been selected to match the disease, disorder or condition at hand, along with the locus at which it is released based on the criteria disclosed herein and provided by the state of the art.

A subject in need of treatment or prevention of a disease disorder or condition is also provided. The article of manufacture is then place on or within the subject at a desirable location using methods known in the art based on the locus at which the article of manufacture of the present invention is place (such as, but not limited, insertion on a surface, insertion, or implantation, inclusive of surgery if called for) such that the drug is released from the article of manufacture to treat or prevent a disease, disorder or condition. When the drug has been released over time, the article of manufacture can be removed from the subject, or in the alternative, removed from the subject. In the case of an article of manufacture of the present invention that has been placed on readily accessible locus of a subject, such as the skin or eye, the removal is readily performed. In the case of articles of manufacture of the present invention that have been implanted or inserted into a subject, the removal process is more complex and may require surgery. In some instances, removal of an article of manufacture of the present invention from a subject is not desirable due to the discomfort or risk associated with the removal. In that instance, the article of manufacture can remain in place.

EXAMPLES Example #1 Preparation of Printable Formulation Using a Hydrophilic Drug

This example provides printable formulation with a drug used to inkjet print lenses.

The printable formulation include a base formulation that include the following: monomer (HEMA), initiator (BME), crosslinker (EGDMA), drug #1, diluent (glycerine), solvent (isopropanol), optional drug #2, dispersant (polyvinyl alcohol), humectant (ethylene glycol), co-monomer (methacrylic acid); inhibitor (MEHQ), antikogating agent (methyl propanediol), and antioxidant (alkylated hydroquinone). The concentration of these constituents are as appropriate for making a lens of desired characteristics and physical properties. Drug #1 and optional drug #2 can be any drug or combination of drugs to provide a desired activity.

A preferred monomer mixture for making a clear lenses coating has the following formulation: monomer (HEMA), monomer (EOEMA), monomer (MAA), crosslinker (EGDMA), initiator (Vazo-64), inhibitor (MEHQ) and diluent (glycerine). The concentration of these constituents are as appropriate for making a lens of desired characteristics and physical properties.

When drugs are used in jet printing devices, the drug is preferably water based or monomer based (U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,376). The drug is preferably soluble in water and an organic solvent and preferably includes a dispersant. A water soluble polymer such as polyvinyl alcohol and a dispersant such as polyvinylpyrrolidone are-preferred. A surfactant is preferably provided, such as polyoxyethylene alkyl ether or polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether having an aminic acid group. The printable preferably includes a surfactant, such as between about 0.3% and about 1% by weight. The PF preferably includes an antiseptic agent such as Proxel (Zeneca, U.K.). The printable formulation preferably has a pH of between about 7 and about 10 and a viscosity at about 25C of between about 1 to 50 cps. Antioxidants, such as low corrosion or antioxidant agents, such as alkylated hydroquinone can also be included, preferably between about 0.1% and about 0.5% by weight (U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,132). A printable formulation can also include a humectant such as 1,3-dioxane-5,5-dimethanol, 2-methyl-1,3-propane diol, ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol. When used in printing, the driving frequency is preferably between about 3 kHz and about 8 kHz (see generally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,376). Preferred printable formulation properties include a surface tension of between about 20 dynes/cm and about 70 dynes/cm and a viscosity between about 1.0 cp and about 2.0 cp (U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,765).

Example #2 Solvent Soluble Drug

This example provides a printing formulation with a solvent soluble drug used to inkjet print lenses.

A preferable formulation with a solvent soluble drug has the following composition and physical properties.

Materials Material Type DI Water Solvent Glycerin Solvent 1,3-propandiol Solvent Water Soluble Drug Drug Surfynol CT 121 Surfactant Triethyl Amine 10% in water Additive Viscosity=3.5 centipoise, UL, 60 rpm, 25° C. Surface tension=32 dynes/cm; pH=8.4. The formulation was filtered through 0.45 micron Nylon filter membrane. Water=Main vehicle, carrier Glycerin, 1,3-propandiol=co-solvents Surfynol CT121 and 10% TEA solution=additive

The printable formation can also include a drug in encapsulated form. There are several methods available for encapsulation to meet the product performance requirements. These methods can be divided into 2 broad categories: (see, for example, Southwest Research Institute ((SWRI) website, www.microencapsulation.swri.com), an outline summary of which follows:

1.) Preferred physical methods of encapsulation include, but are not limited to:

-   -   Extrusion     -   Fluidized bed     -   Pan coating     -   Atomization,     -   Spinning Disk     -   Spray Drying     -   Spray Chilling/Congealing     -   SphereJet by Microfab

2.) Preferred chemical methods of encapsulation include but are not limited to:

-   -   Solvent loss     -   Phase separation     -   Coacervation     -   Polymerization     -   Precipitation     -   Nanoencapsulation     -   Liposomes     -   Sol-gel

These methods and related technologies are well documented in literature and is incorporated in this patent. (see, for example “MICROENCAPSULATION TECHNIQUES, FACTORS INFLUENCING ENCAPSULATION EFFICIENCY: A REVIEW” by N. V. N. Jyothi; Suhas Narayan Sakarkar; G. Y. Srawan Kumar; Muthu Prasanna. Source: journal of microencapsulation, Informa Health Care, Volume 27, Issue 3, p. 187-197)

In addition, Chauhan et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 7,638,137 B2, provides a detailed list of various types of nanoparticles, including silica used for encapsulating drugs. (see, for example, page 5, lines 9 through 80). Chauhan et al. also discusses different types of micro-emulsions and methods used to prepare them. Chauhan et al. also provides details of drug release studies carried out with a micro- or nano-encapsulated ocular drug, Lidocaine, when embedded inside the lens while the present invention has a novel approach of incorporation the drug on the surface of the lens rather than inside the lens. Many of the aspect for drug release are essentially the same (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,638,137 B2).

The following is an example of a printable formulation for a micro- or nano-encapsulated hydrophobic ocular drug such as Timolol that may be incorporated in a printable formulation that uses a derivatized oligomer of HEMA to provide dimensional stability and good adhesion when the finished, hydrated lens may be sterilized multiple times.

Example #3 Preparation of an Oligomer Capable of Free Radical Polymerization for Use in Printable Formulations

A Poly hydroxy ethyl methacrylate prepolymer is prepared according to the following procedure. The following components are mixed:

Material % Methacrylic acid 0.82% Mercaptoethanol 0.70% Allyl methacrylate 0.16% Ethyl triglycol methacrylate 3.50% N-Vinyl pyrrolidinone 6.07% 2-Hydrozyethyl methacrylate 35.42% Vazo 64 0.33% 1-Ethoxy-2-propanol 44.80% 1-Methoxy-2-proply acetate 8.21%

Thermal polymerization is carried out in a steel can fitted with an over head stirrer and mounted on a hot plate. The mixture is heated and temperature of the mixture is maintained at about 85° C. to about 90° C. by moving the can/stirrer assembly between cold water bath and the hot plate as necessary. The reaction is allowed to continue for about 37 minutes from initially reaching 85° C. prior to quenching polymerization by placing the can/stirrer assembly into the cold water bath. The cold prepolymer viscosity is checked and stored in a refrigerator. A typical viscosity of the prepolymer is about 2000 cp to about 3000 cp.

To a solution of 20 grams of the Polyhydroxy ethyl methacrylate prepolymer with a viscosity of 2000 to 3000 cP in solvent 1-methoxy-2-propanol is added 0.2 grams of triethyl amine and stirred well with a magnetic stir bar for 30 minutes. 2 grams of methacryloyl chloride solution, 10% in 1-methoxy-2-propanol, is added while stirring at room temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred overnight thus creating a prepolymer derivative, or an alpha beta unsaturated oligomer.

It is noted that derivatized oligomer for polyvinyl alchohol, glycidol methacrylate, silicone, n-n-dimethylacrylamide can be prepared similarly to facilitate free radical polymerization with these polymers.

Example #4 Printable Formulation For Ink-Jet Printing a Drug Reservoir With Drug

The amount of the alpha beta unsaturated oligomer, or prepolymer derivative, provided in Example 2 and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) are prepared for comparison according to the following table:

Sample Printable Formulation Components % Range (%) Prepolymer derivative from Example # 2 20 5-15 Encapsulated drug like Timolol for Glaucoma in 8 0.001-25    HEMA: PEG 400 diacrylate: 5 0-10 N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone monomer hydrogel: 26 0-99 Glycerol methacrylate monomer hydrogel: 13.3 0-99 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate monomer hydrogel: 32.7 0-99 Photoinitiator (Irgacure 1800): 3.5 0-10 Photoinitiator (Irgacure 819): 1.5 0-10 Total 100

The viscosity and surface tension of the printable formulations are measured and the results are as follows:

Actual Range Viscosity (cp) 15.4  5-50 Surface Tension (dynes/cm) 38.1 20-70 It is noted here that: 1.) Removal of drug from the PF Example # 3 can provide printable formulation for an inkjet printed barrier layer. 2.) Barrier layers of different polymers can be also made by using derivatized oligomer of pertinent polymer.

Example #5 Use of a Printable Formulation for Pad-Transfer Printing Drug Receiving Layer

A printable including an oligomer capable of free radical polymerization can also be used with pad-transfer printing. Printable formulations of the present invention for use with a pad-transfer printing technique can be provided at a viscosity form about 5,000 cp to about 50,000 cp. Printable formulations can be adjusted to a higher viscosity by substituting a relatively low molecular weight oligomer as provided herein with an oligomer having a higher molecular weight such as one that results in a polymer from about 20,000 cp to about 50,000 cp. The viscosity can be further adjusted by the addition of polymers or monomers or surfactants.

Pad-transfer printing of a layer may include dispersing the printable formulation having a viscosity from about 5,000 to about 50,000 on a mold or a cliche, dipping a substrate or polymer in the solution and curing the resulting drug reservoir on substrate or polymer. The curing, hydration and sterilization process may be the same as those previously disclosed in the ink-jet printing examples and as described herein.

An example of such a printable formulation is provided below.

Prepolymer formula For a Pad Printed Receiving Layer Ingredient % Range (%) HEMA 26.7%   0.5-90 NVP 14.4%    5-40 Allyl Methacrylate 0.4% 0.1-2 2-Mercaptoethanol 1.3% 0.1-2 MAA 0.8% 0.1-4 Vazo 64 0.3% 0.1-2 Ethyl triglycol 3.5% 0.1-5 methacrylate 1-Ethoxy-2-propanol 44.4%    10-80 1-Methoxy-2-propyl 8.1%   2-30 acetate Total 100.0%  — Visc ~5000 cp

Pad Print Formulation Ingredient % Range (%) Pre-polymer from Above 0.893 0.1-10 Hardener (Blocked HDI) 0.107 0.1-2  Total 100.0%

When the above printable formulation is cured in vacuum oven at 140° C. for about 1 hour it provides the drug receiving layer for a solvent soluble drug.

Example #6

Printing Methods for Use with Printable Formulations

One advantage of present invention is to print structures of the surface of a medical device, such as a lens, not only to achieve desired drug release rate but also offer flexibility of incorporating multiple drugs for multiple treatments, intermittent drug release, consistent drug release of zero order kinetics, uni-directional drug release, etc. without optical interference. Such structures can be printed using various printing techniques that include, but are not limited to, inkjet printing, piezo printing, thermal printing, laser printing, pad transfer printing, impregnation, photolithography, silk screen printing, micro-dispensing material deposition system, SLA stereolithography systems, 3D printers, etc. Some advantages of such printing are that this additive manufacturing technology offers include, but are not limited to material savings, mass customization, high precision automation friendly system (see, for example, The Economist: 3D printing: The printed world: Three-dimensional printing from digital designs will transform manufacturing and allow more people to start making things. Feb. 10, 2011, FILTON, from the print edition).

Printing of such structures, preferably carried out with digital printers (inkjet printing or laser printing, for example) essentially uses inherent advantages of digital printing, that includes, but not limited to, drop on demand with a preferable volume of less than 5 picoliter to 500 picoliter, with more than 2400 dpi, and with high speed, more than 500 sq. ft./hr, which are characteristics or features of inkjet printers. The following is a list of printers, including but not limited to, printers currently used for constructing 3D structures are given below. Some of these printers have position accuracy of +/−2.5 micron and repeatability of +/−1 micron at present. Incorporated herein are such printers, available now or such printers with better accuracy, precision, repeatability, quality, and the like, which may or will be available at a later date.

In addition to these types of 3D printers, currently available high precision, high speed, high resolution, wide format, piezo printers, thermal printers, laser printers can be modified to digital print layer by layer the structures of the present invention.

Example #7 Inkjet Printing of 3D Structures A. Inkjet Printable Formulations in Cartridge

In a simplified version of such printers with multiple cartridges will have the following printable formulations in different cartridges

-   -   1.) Drug receiving layer     -   2.) Drug Reservoir with drug     -   3.) Soluble drug formulation     -   4.) Barrier layer A formulation     -   5.) Barrier layer B formulation     -   6.) Barrier layer C formulation

For multiple drug system additional cartridge may be incorporated or existing cartridge may be substituted for additional drugs.

B. Digital Storage of 3D Structure

Using appropriate software like SolidWorks, a 3D drawing of desired structure is digitally stored in a computer.

The computer software for a 3D printer would divide such 3D structures in multiples of layer by layer coatings.

C. Inkjet Printing:

Such layer coatings are then inkjet printed sequentially, cured, fused using appropriate curing/fusing process to build the desired 3D structures.

Thickness of layer (inclusive of a drug reservoir layer, a drug receiving layer, a barrier layer or a combination thereof) can be preferably be controlled to about or less than 0.1 micron to about or less than 10 micron using preferable drop volume of less than about 1 picoliter to less than about 100 picoliters.

Examples of Inkjet printers, included but not limited to, that may be used are given earlier. In addition many commercially available flat bed wide format printers, like Mimaki JF 1610 and 1631 or HP Designjet H45000 printer series, that are high speed, high precision, can also be modified and used for the applications of the present invention. Such printers may use piezo printerhead like Spectra Polaris PQ512/15 AAA or gray scale, drop on demand printing system along with simultaneous UV cure system (Xennia XJ-4000) or thermal cure system.

Example #8 Modulation of Drug Release Rate

Generally the drug release rate can be modulated through one or more of the following factors available to one with understanding of the art.

-   -   1.) Creation of different barrier layers with different         diffusivity, different thickness     -   2.) Different drug concentration at different heights, locations         and surface area.     -   3.) Different sizes of nano- or micro-encapsulated drug

The present invention also offers creation of capillaries of different diameter or different height to provide additional tool for modulating drug release rate.

The Lucas-Washburn equation that predicts the rise of the fluid meniscus, H(t), in the capillary with time t is given as:

H(t)=[(sR cos {grave over (Ø)}/2n)½t½

Where:

-   -   s=fluid surface tension     -   n=fluid shear viscosity     -   R=pore radius     -   {grave over (Ø)}=contact angle between meniscus and wall

-   (Ref. D. I. Dimitrov 1, A. Milchev1,2, and K. Binder, Institut für     Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7,     55099 Mainz, Germany

-   2 Institute for Chemical Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,     1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, Received 30 Mar. 2007; published 31 Jul.     2007).

One can use this equation to determine the drug release rate, Rvpii_(y), for a capillary of given height, diameter, contact angle, viscosity and surface tension. The diameter and height of capillaries can be at the nanometer level, for example, they can be less than 5 nanometers to 50,000 nanometers.

Example #9 Modulation of Drug Release Rate Using a Combination of Factors

Referring to FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, it can be observed that drug release rate may be modulated by changing orientation of the barrier layers A, B and C.

Thus for FIG. 10, where the barrier layer A, B and C are on top of each other, the drug release rate R is:

R _(drug) =R _(a) ×R _(b) ×R _(c)  (I)

Whereas for FIG. 11, for the same drug and same barrier layers, one can modulate drug release rate, significantly just by constructing the barrier layers A, B and C next to each other.

The drug release rate in that case now becomes

R _(drug) =R _(a) +R _(b) +R _(c)  (II)

This drug release rate can further be modified by printing structures with capillaries as shown in FIG. 12. The drug release rate is now modulated to:

Rdrug=R _(a) +R _(b) +R _(c) +R _(capillaries)  (III)

Equation I, II, and III suggests ability to modulate the drug release rate through constructing a three dimensional structure with different barrier materials, controlling thickness and orientation of barrier layer, providing additional structure of capillaries, adjusting drug concentration (by printing number of drops, size of drops, location of drops etc.) it will be possible to get the desired drug release rates including but not limited to zero order kinetics i.e. sustained drug release rate.

Additionally it may be observed from FIG. 8, for multiple drugs, how two different drugs can be delivered at different rate from the lens surface by locating drugs in different area with different barrier layers chosen to provide the desired drug release rate for each drug.

Similarly, by referring to FIG. 4, where drug reservoir layers of different surface area are created at different height from the lens surface, as well as capillaries of different heights and diameters are created; can be used to provide intermittent drug release. For example, let's say that all the drug from the top reservoir is released in the first two hours. The barrier layers and capillary height from reservoir 2 is constructed such a way that it will take drug 4 hours to reach the top of the lens surface.

Example #10 Lens Finishing

The contact lens surface on which the 3 D structure is created can be treated with proper edging/polishing process to help assure lens wear comfort. These lenses then can be hydrated, extracted, and inspected. Packaged and sterilized. The packaging can be with dry lens where solution is provided separately to hydrate the lens before use. The conventional wet packaging in a vial or blister pack may be done in such a way as not to affect drug release rate in the eye, when in use, by controlling the concentration of drug in packaging environment or such similar way. Also, the barrier layer, drug receiving layer and drug reservoir layer are formulated such that they swell the same or substantially the same as the substrate lens so that it does not substantially affect lens dimensions.

All publications, including patent documents and scientific articles, referred to in this application and the bibliography and attachments are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication were individually incorporated by reference.

All headings are for the convenience of the reader and should not be used to limit the meaning of the text that follows the heading, unless so specified. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of making a medical device comprising: a. providing a contact lens comprising at least one surface; and b. depositing at least one coating on at least a portion of said at least one surface, wherein said at least one coating comprises at least one three dimensional structure deposited at least in part by additive digital three dimensional printing; wherein said at least one three dimensional structure comprises: i) at least one drug reservoir layer, wherein said at least one drug reservoir layer comprises at least one drug; and ii) at least one barrier layer; wherein said at least one barrier layer can modulate the release of said at least one drug from said medical device; and wherein said medical device can function as a drug delivery contact lens.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said coating comprises sequential printing of: a. a first drug reservoir layer comprising at least one drug; b. a first barrier layer without capillary structures; c. a second drug receiving layer comprising at least one drug; d. a second barrier layer without capillary structures; and e. a third drug reservoir layer comprising at least one drug.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one drug reservoir layer comprises at least one drug receiving layer.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said at least one drug receiving layer comprises a chemical coating applied to said at least one surface.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer comprises capillary structures.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said contact lens comprising at least one surface is not biodegradable, is not physically modified, or a combination thereof.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said contact lens comprising at least one surface is complete, is solid, or a combination thereof.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said contact lens comprising at least one surface is dry.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said contact lens comprising at least one surface is hydrated.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said medical device is dry.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said medical device is hydrated.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one surface of said contact comprising at least one surface comprises an outer surface, a smooth surface, or a combination thereof.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein said contact lens comprising at least one surface is pre-formed, pre-made, or a combination thereof.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one three dimensional structure is predetermined, defined, or a combination thereof.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one reservoir layer is a structure at least in part digitally encoded, is printed at least in part by three dimensional printing, or a combination thereof.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer modulates the intermittent release, sustained release, or a combination thereof, of said at least one drug from said at least one drug reservoir layer, through said at least one barrier layer, or a combination thereof.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer modulates the release of said drug from said drug reservoir layer in a therapeutically effective amount to treat or prevent at least one disease, disorder, condition, or a combination thereof, of a subject.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein said barrier layer modulates the release of said drug from said drug reservoir layer in a therapeutically effective amount to treat or prevent at least one disease, disorder, condition, or a combination thereof, of the eye of a subject.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said disease, disorder, condition, or combination thereof of the eye that is treated or prevented is an inflammation, an allergy, an infection, glaucoma, macular degeneration, a parasite, dry eye, eye discomfort, or a combination thereof.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein said disease, disorder, condition, or combination thereof of the eye is treated or prevented by a pharmaceutically effective amount of an anti-inflammatory agent, an anti-allergy agent, an anti-infective agent, an antibiotic, an anti-parasitic agent, an anti-glaucoma agent, an anti-macular degeneration agent, an ophthalmic drug, a steroid, an anti-dry eye agent, a comfort agent, or a combination thereof.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer modulates the release of said at least one drug from said at least one drug reservoir layer by the diffusivity, thickness, surface area, orientation, capillary structures, porosity, molecular exclusion size, water content, pore size, or a combination thereof, of said at least one barrier layer.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one three dimensional structure is at least in part digitally encoded.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one three dimensional structure is printed at least in part by three dimensional printing.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein a barrier layer is positioned distal to a drug reservoir layer relative to said at least one surface of said contact lens comprising at least one surface.
 25. The method of claim 1, wherein a barrier layer is positioned distal to a drug reservoir layer relative to said at least one surface of said contact lens comprising at least one surface.
 26. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one surface of said contact lens comprising at least one surface is positioned below a drug reservoir layer, and a drug reservoir layer is positioned below a barrier layer.
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein two or more barrier layers made of the same or different material composition, being positioned horizontally and directly adjacent relative to each other and above said drug reservoir layer.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein two or more barrier layers, each made of the same or different material composition, when made of different material composition each barrier layer made of one of two or more different material compositions, being positioned side by side with intervening spaces between the barrier layers and directly on and perpendicular to a drug reservoir layer, wherein said at least one surface of said contact lens comprising at least one surface is positioned below a drug reservoir layer.
 29. The method of claim 1, comprising a combination of the following: a) two or more barrier layers made of the same or different material composition, being positioned horizontally and directly adjacent relative to each other and above said drug reservoir layer; and b) two or more barrier layers, each made of the same or different material composition, when made of different material composition each barrier layer made of one of two or more different material compositions, being positioned side by side with intervening spaces between the barrier layers and directly on and perpendicular to a drug reservoir layer, wherein said at least one surface of said contact lens comprising at least one surface is positioned below a drug reservoir layer.
 30. The method of claim 1, wherein said medical device is readily removed from the surface of an eye of a subject on which said medical device is applied.
 31. The method of claim 1, wherein said medical device is hydrated.
 32. The method of claim 1, wherein said medical device is in a solution comprising said drug.
 33. The method of claim 1, wherein said medical device is hydrated and in a solution comprising said drug.
 34. The method of claim 1, wherein said medical device functions as a drug delivery contact lens.
 35. The method of claim 1, wherein said medical device is not biodegradable.
 36. The method of claim 1, wherein said contact lens comprising at least one surface comprises the not biodegradable material polyHEMA, polyGMA, polyvinylacohol, polyDMA, PMMA (polymethylacrylicacid), PVP (polyvinylpyrolidone), silioxane, or a combination thereof.
 37. The method of claim 1, wherein said contact lens comprising at least one surface is made by lathing, cast molding, spin casting, ink jet printing, or a combination thereof.
 38. The method of claim 1, wherein said contact lens comprising at least one surface is made by cast molding, spin casting, or a combination thereof.
 39. The method of claim 1, wherein the optical properties of said contact lens comprising at least one surface are not altered.
 40. The method of claim 1, wherein said contact lens comprising at least one surface physically adheres to the surface of an eye rather than through chemical adherence.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein said surface of an eye comprises the cornea.
 42. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one surface of said contact lens comprising at least one surface is polished.
 43. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one surface of said contact lens comprising at least one surface is finished.
 44. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one surface of said contact lens comprising at least one surface does not comprise etching or scoring.
 45. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one surface of said contact lens comprising at least one surface is not modified prior to the application of said one or more three dimensional structures.
 46. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one three dimensional structure is not biodegradable.
 47. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one three dimensional structure comprises in whole or in part at least one polymer, at least one plastic, at least one partially polymerized polymer, at least one polymer matrix, at least one protein matrix, at least one silicone, or a combination thereof.
 48. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one three dimensional structure comprises the not biodegradable material polyHEMA, polyGMA, polyvinylacohol, polyDMA, PMMA (polymethylacrylicacid), PVP (polyvinylpyrolidone), silioxane, or a combination thereof.
 49. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one three dimensional structure does not release said at least one drug by way of biodegradation.
 50. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one three dimensional structure is at least in part further printed by printing other than additive digital three dimensional printing.
 51. The method of claim 50, wherein said printing other than additive digital three dimensional printing comprises at least one pad printing, at least one MEMS printing, at least one coating printing, at least one soaking printing, at least one impregnation printing, at least one spin coating printing, at least one drip coating printing, at least one screen coating printing, at least one silk screen coating printing, or a combination thereof.
 52. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one three dimensional structure does not comprise capillary structures.
 53. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one three dimensional structure comprises capillary structures.
 54. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one three dimensional structure has the approximate shape of the pigmented portion of the eye of a subject.
 55. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one drug reservoir layer is not biodegradable.
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein said at least one drug reservoir layer comprises in whole or in part at least one polymer, at least one plastic, at least one partially polymerized polymer, at least one polymer matrix, at least one protein matrix, at least one silicone, or a combination thereof.
 57. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one drug reservoir layer comprise the not biodegradable material polyHEMA, polyGMA, polyvinylacohol, polyDMA, PMMA (polymethylacrylicacid), PVP (polyvinylpyrolidone), silioxane, or a combination thereof.
 58. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one drug reservoir layer is at least in part printed by printing other than additive digital three dimensional printing.
 59. The method of claim 58, wherein said printing other than additive digital three dimensional printing comprises at least one pad printing, at least one MEMS printing, at least one coating printing, at least one soaking printing, at least one impregnation printing, at least one spin coating printing, at least one drip coating printing, at least one screen coating printing, at least one silk screen coating printing, or a combination thereof.
 60. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one drug reservoir layer does not comprise capillary structures.
 61. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer is not biodegradable.
 62. The method of claim 61, wherein said at least one barrier layer comprises at least one polymer, at least one partially polymerized polymer, at least one polymer matrix, at least one protein matrix, at least one silicone, at least one ceramic, at least one glass, at least one carbon compound, at least one fabric, or a combination thereof.
 63. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer comprises the non-biodegradable material polyHEMA, polyGMA, polyvinylacohol, polyDMA, PMMA (polymethylacrylicacid), PVP (polyvinylpyrolidone), silioxane, or a combination thereof.
 64. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer does not release said at least one drug by way of biodegradation.
 65. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer is at least in part printed by printing other than additive digital three dimensional printing.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein said printing other than additive digital three dimensional printing comprises at least one pad printing, at least one MEMS printing, at least one coating printing, at least one soaking printing, at least one impregnation printing, at least one spin coating printing, at least one drip coating printing, at least one screen coating printing, at least one silk screen coating printing, or a combination thereof.
 67. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer does not comprise capillary structures.
 68. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer comprises capillary structures.
 69. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer comprises one or more drugs.
 70. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer does not comprise a drug.
 71. The method of claim 1, wherein said three dimensional printing comprises at least one ink jet printing, at least one piezo printing, at least one thermal printing, at least one laser printing, or a combination thereof.
 72. The method of claim 1, wherein said three dimensional printing comprises at least one at least one piezo printing, at least one thermal printing, or a combination thereof.
 73. The method of claim 1, wherein said three dimensional printing comprises at least one piezo printing.
 74. The method of claim 1, wherein said three dimensional printing comprises at least one thermal printing.
 75. The method of claim 1, wherein a barrier layer is positioned adjoining a corresponding drug reservoir layer.
 76. The method of claim 1, wherein a barrier layer is positioned distal to a drug reservoir layer relative to said at least one surface of said contact lens comprising at least one surface.
 77. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one surface of said contact lens comprising at least one surface is positioned below a drug reservoir layer, and a drug reservoir layer is positioned below a barrier layer.
 78. The method of claim 1, wherein two or more barrier layers, made of the same or different material composition, being positioned horizontally relatively to each other and above at least one drug reservoir layer, and said at least one surface of said contact lens comprising at least one surface is positioned below a drug reservoir layer.
 79. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one drug comprises at least one small molecule drug, at least one biological drug, at least one encapsulated drug, at least one nanoparticle, at least one dispersed drug, or a combination thereof.
 80. The method of claim 79, wherein said biological drug comprising at least one protein comprises at least one enzyme, at least one transport protein, at least one structural protein, at least one storage protein, at least one hormone protein, at least one receptor protein, at least one contractile protein, at least one antibody, at least one monoclonal antibody, or a combination thereof.
 81. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one drug does not substantially interfere with the optical function of said contact lens comprising at least one surface.
 82. The method of claim 1, wherein more than one said at least one drug is released from said at least one three dimensional structures at a time, at different times, or over a period of time.
 83. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one drug is released from said at least one three dimensional structure in zero-order kinetics or not in zero order kinetics.
 84. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one drug is released from said at least one three dimensional structure in sustained release.
 85. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one drug is released from said at least one three dimensional structure in intermittent release.
 86. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one drug is released from said at least one three dimensional structure at different concentrations at different times.
 87. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer modulates the directional release of said at least one drug away from said contact lens comprising at least one surface.
 88. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer does not modulate release of said at least one drug from said at least one drug reservoir layer by way of capillary action.
 89. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer modulates the release of said at least one drug from said at least one drug reservoir layer by the diffusivity of said at least one barrier layer.
 90. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer modulates the release of said at least one drug from said at least one drug reservoir layer by the thickness of said at least one barrier layer.
 91. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer modulates the release of said at least one drug from said at least one drug reservoir layer by the surface area of said at least one barrier layer.
 92. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer modulates the release of said at least one drug from said at least one drug reservoir layer by the orientation of said at least one barrier layer.
 93. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer modulates the release of said at least one drug from said at least one drug reservoir layer by the capillary structures of said at least one barrier layer.
 94. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer modulates the release of said at least one drug from said at least one drug reservoir layer by the porosity of said at least one barrier layer.
 95. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer modulates the release of said at least one drug from said at least one drug reservoir layer by the molecular exclusion size of said at least one barrier layer.
 96. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer modulates the release of said at least one drug from said at least one drug reservoir layer by the water content of said at least one barrier layer.
 97. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one barrier layer modulates the release of said at least one drug from said at least one drug reservoir layer by the pore size of said at least one barrier layer.
 98. The method of claim 1, wherein said medical device is provided in a wet packaging environment wherein the concentration of said at least one drug in the packaging solution is less than, equal to, or greater than the concentration of said at least one drug in said at least one drug reservoir layer.
 99. The method of claim 1, wherein said medical device is extracted or washed prior to storage.
 100. The method of claim 1, wherein said medical device is extracted or washed prior to storage in a hydrated form.
 101. The method of claim 1, wherein said medical device does not comprise materials that chemically adhere to the surface of an eye.
 102. The method of claim 101, wherein said surface of an eye comprises the cornea.
 103. The method of claim 1, wherein said medical device physically adheres to the surface of an eye rather than through chemical adherence.
 104. The method of claim 103, wherein said surface of an eye comprises the cornea.
 105. A method of making a medical device comprising: a. providing a contact lens comprising at least one surface; and b. depositing one or more coatings on at least a portion of said at least one surface, wherein said one or more coatings comprises: 1) at least one drug reservoir layer produced at least in part by printing on said at least one surface, wherein said at least one drug reservoir layer comprises at least one drug; and 2) at least one barrier layer comprising one or more three dimensional structures deposited at least in part by additive digital three dimensional printing on at least a portion of said at least one drug reservoir layer.
 106. A method of making a medical device, comprising: a. providing a lens comprising at least one surface; b. depositing one or more coatings on at least a portion of said at least one surface, wherein said one or more coatings comprises; 1) at least one drug reservoir layer deposited at least in part by printing on said at least one surface, wherein said at least one drug reservoir layer comprises at least one drug; and 2) at least one barrier layer comprising one or more predetermined three dimensional structures deposited at least in part by additive digital three dimensional printing on at least a portion of said at least one drug reservoir layer; wherein said at least one barrier layer modulates the release of said at least one drug. 